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[[Image:Phrenologychart.png|thumb|right|250px|[[Phrenology]] merupakanpada saat ini dianggap sebagai salah satu contoh klasik pseudosains.]]
'''Pseudosains''' adalah sebuah pengetahuan, metodologi, keyakinan, atau praktek yang diklaim sebagai ilmiah tapi tidak mengikuti [[metode ilmiah]].<!--<ref>"''Pseudoscientific -Pseudosains pretendingmungkin tokelihatan be scientificilmiah, falselytapi representedtidak asmemenuhi beingpersyaratan scientific''",metode fromilmiah theyang ''Oxforddapat Americandiuji Dictionary'',dan publishedseringkali byberbenturan thedengan kesepakatan/[[Oxfordkonsensus English Dictionaryilmiah]].</ref> Pseudosciencesyang may appear scientific, but they do not adhere to the [[testability]] requirement of the scientific method<ref name=cps>For example, Hewitt et alumum. ''Conceptual Physical Science'' Addison Wesley; 3 edition (July 18, 2003) ISBN 0-321-05173-4, Bennett et al. ''The Cosmic Perspective'' 3e Addison Wesley; 3 edition (July 25, 2003) ISBN 0-8053-8738-2</ref> and are often in conflict with current [[scientific consensus]].
 
Istilah ''pseudoscience'' muncul pertama kali pada tahun [[1843]] yang merupakan kombinasi dari akar [[Bahasa Yunani]] ''pseudo'', yang berarti salah , serta [[Bahasa Latin]] ''scientia'', yang berarti pengetahuan atau bidang pengetahuan . Istilah tersebut memiliki [[konotasi negatif]], karena dipakai untuk menunjukkan bahwa subjek yang mendapat label semacam itu digambarkan sebagai suatu yang tidak akurat atau tidak bisa dipercaya sebagai ilmu pengetahuan. Oleh sebab itu, yang mempraktekkan pseudosains dan para pembelanya biasanya menolak klasifikasi semacam ini.
The term ''pseudoscience'' appears to have been first used in [[1843]]<ref>Magendie, F (1843) ''An Elementary Treatise on Human Physiology.'' 5th Ed. Tr. John Revere. New York: Harper, p 150. Magendie refers to phrenology as "''a pseudo-science of the present day''" (note the hyphen).</ref> as a combination of the [[Greek language|Greek]] root ''pseudo'', meaning false, and the [[Latin]] ''scientia'', meaning knowledge or a field of knowledge. The term has [[pejorative|negative connotations]], because it is used to indicate that subjects so labeled are inaccurately or deceptively portrayed as science.<ref>However, from the "them vs. us" polarization that its usage engenders, the term may also have a positive function because "''[the] derogatory labeling of others often includes an unstated self-definition'' "(p.266); and, from this, the application of the term also implies "''a unity of science, a privileged tree of knowledge or space from which the pseudoscience is excluded, and the user's right to belong is asserted'' " (p.286) -- Still A & Dryden W (2004) "The Social Psychology of "Pseudoscience": A Brief History", ''J Theory Social Behav'' 34:265-290</ref> Accordingly, those labeled as practicing or advocating a "pseudoscience" normally reject this classification.
 
As it is taught in certain introductory science classes, pseudoscience is any subject that appears superficially to be scientific or whose proponents state is scientific but nevertheless contravenes the testability requirement of the scientific method.<ref>For example, Hewitt et al. ''Conceptual Physical Science'' Addison Wesley; 3 edition (July 18, 2003) ISBN 0-321-05173-4, Bennett et al. ''The Cosmic Perspective'' 3e Addison Wesley; 3 edition (July 25, 2003) ISBN 0-8053-8738-2</ref> Professor Paul DeHart Hurd<ref>Memorial Resolution: Paul DeHart Hurd. [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/cubberley/collections/memorial.html www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/cubberley/collections/memorial.html] retrieved 6 November. 2006</ref> argued that a large part of gaining scientific literacy is being able to distinguish science from pseudo-science such as [[astrology]], [[quackery]], the [[occult]], and [[superstition]].<ref>Hurd, P. D. (1998). "Scientific literacy: New minds for a changing world". ''Science Education'', '''82''', 407–416.. Abstract online at [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/32148/ABSTRACT www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/32148/ABSTRACT]; retrieved 6 November. 2006</ref> Certain introductory survey classes in science take careful pains to delineate the objections scientists and skeptics have to practices that make direct claims contradicted by the scientific discipline in question.<ref>For example, consider this introductory course offered at the [[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]] entitled "Science & Pseudoscience" [http://www.honors.umd.edu/HONR228A/]</ref>
 
Beyond the initial introductory analyses offered in science classes, there is some [[epistemology|epistemological]] disagreement about whether it is possible to distinguish "science" from "pseudoscience" in a reliable and [[Objectivity (philosophy)|objective]] way.<ref>The philosopher of science [[Paul Feyerabend]] in particular is associated with the view that attempts to distinguish science from non-science are flawed and pernicious. "The idea that science can, and should, be run according to fixed and universal rules, is both unrealistic and pernicious. ... the idea is detrimental to science, for it neglects the complex physical and historical conditions which influence scientific change. It makes our science less adaptable and more dogmatic:"[http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge/feyerabe.htm]</ref>
 
Pseudosciences may be characterised by the use of vague, exaggerated or untestable claims, over-reliance on confirmation rather than refutation, lack of openness to testing by other experts, and a lack of progress in theory development.
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