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<!--:''Artikel ini membahas saksi di pengadilan. Untuk arti lain, lihat [[saksi {{disambig}}]].''-->
== Definisi Saksi menurut Hukum Indonesia ==▼
{{EvidenceLaw}}
'''Saksi''' adalah seseorang yang mempunyai informasi tangan pertama mengenai suatu [[kejahatan]] atau kejadian dramatis melalui [[indera]] mereka (mis. penglihatan, pendengaran, penciuman, sentuhan) dan dapat menolong memastikan pertimbangan-pertimbangan penting dalam suatu kejahatan atau kejadian. Seorang saksi yang melihat suatu kejadian secara langsung dikenal juga sebagai ''saksi mata''. Saksi sering dipanggil ke [[pengadilan]] untuk memberikan kesaksiannya dalam suatu proses peradilan.
[[Subpoena]] memerintahkan seseorang untuk tampil. Dalam banyak [[yurisdiksi]] saksi diwajibkan menaati perintah ini, mengambil [[sumpah]], dan menceritakan kebenarannya, di bawah ancaman pelanggaran hukum bila ia tidak melakukannya. Peraturan ini digunakan untuk memaksa saksi memberikan [[kesaksian]]nya dalam sebuah peradilan. Biasanya [[subpoena]] dapat dikeluarkan oleh seorang [[hakim]] atau oleh [[pengacara]] yang mewakili si pengadu atau oleh pihak yang diadukan dalam sebuah peradilan sipil atau oleh penuntut atau pembelanya dalam sebuah peradilan kriminal.
<!--Witness testimony is often presumed to be better than circumstantial evidence. Studies have shown that individual, separate witness testimony is often flawed and parts of it can be meaningless. This can occur because of a person's faulty observation and recollection, because of a person's bias, or because the witness is lying. If several witnesses witness a crime it is probative to look for similarities in their collective descriptions to substantiate the facts of an event, keeping in mind the contrasts of individual descriptions. One study involved an experiment in which subjects acted as jurors in a criminal case. Jurors heard a description of a robbery-murder, then a prosecution argument, then an argument for the defense. Some jurors heard only circumstantial evidence, others heard from a clerk who claimed to identify the defendant. In the first case, 18% percent found the defendant guilty, but in the second, 72% found the defendant guilty (Loftus 1988). Lineups, where the eyewitness picks out a suspect from a group of people in the police station, are often grossly suggestive, and give the false impression that the witness remembered the suspect. In another study, students watched a staged crime. An hour later they looked through photos. A week later they were asked to pick the suspect out of lineups. 8% of the people in the lineups were mistakenly identified as criminals. 20% of the innocent people whose photographs were included were mistakenly identified (University of Nebraska 1977). [[Weapon focus]] effects in which the presence of a weapon impairs [[memory]] for surrounding details is also an issue.
Another study looked at sixty-five cases of "erroneous criminal convictions of innocent people." In 45% of the cases, eyewitness mistakes were responsible (Borchard p. 367).
The formal study of eyewitness memory is usually undertaken within the broader category of cognitive processes. Cognitive processes refer to all the different ways in which we make sense of the world around us. We do this by employing the mental skills at our disposal such as thinking, perception, memory, awareness, reasoning and judgment.
Although cognitive processes can only be inferred and cannot be seen directly, they all have very important practical implications within a legal context.
If you accept that the way we think, perceive, reason and judge is not always perfect then it’s easy to understand why cognitive processes and the factors influencing these processes are studied by psychologists in matters of law; not least because of the grave implications that this imperfection can have within the criminal justice system.
The study of witness memory has dominated this realm of investigation and for a very good reason because as Huff and Rattner note: the single most important factor contributing to wrongful conviction is eyewitness misidentification.
A witness who specializes in an area of study relevant to the crime is called an ''[[expert witness]]''. Scientists and doctors are often called to give expert witness testimony.-->
Secara umum definisi saksi telah tercantum dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHAP) yang telah diratifikasi menjadi Undang-Undang No 8 Tahun 1981 dalam Pasal 1 angka 35 KUHAP yang menyatakan bahwa saksi adalah adalah orang yang dapat memberikan keterangan guna kepentingan penyidikan, penuntutan, dan peradilan tentang suatu perkara pidana yang ia dengar sendiri, ia lihat sendiri dan ia alami sendiri.
Ketentuan tersebut secara spesifik kembali diatur dalam RUU PERLINDUNGAN SAKSI (VERSI KOALISI LSM) dalam Pasal 1 angka 1 Saksi adalah seseorang yang menyampaikan laporan dan atau orang yang dapat memberikan keterangan dalam proses penyelesaian tindak pidana berkenaan dengan peristiwa hukum yang ia dengar, lihat dan alami sendiri dan atau orang yang memiliki keahlian khusus tentang pengetahuan tertentu guna kepentingan penyelesaian tindak pidana.
1. hak untuk diperiksa tanpa hadirnya terdakwa pada saat saksi diperiksa (pasal 173 KUHAP)
2. hak untuk mendapatkan penterjemah atas saksi yang tidak paham bahasa indonesia (pasal 177 ayat 1 KUHAP)
3. hak saksi yang bisu atau tuli dan tidak bisa menulis untuk mendapatkan penerjemah (pasal 178 ayat 1 KUHAP)
4. hak untuk mendapatkan pemberitahuan sebelumnya selambat-lambatnya 3 hari sebelum menghadiri sidang (pasal 227 ayat 1 KUHAP)
5. hak untuk mendapatkan biaya pengganti atas kehadiran
Hak-hak di atas masih sangat terbatas, mengingat modus tindak pidana yang terus berkembang dan lebih sistemik.
=== Pranala luar ===
* {{en}} [http://www.all-about-forensic-psychology.com/eyewitness-memory.html Eyewitness Memory]
* {{en}} [http://www.lfcc.on.ca/cwp.htm Child Witness Project]
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===Other types of witnesses===
A certain number of witnesses are legally required to be present at [[wedding]]s and certain other official events, and may have to sign a register as evidence of the event having taken place. Many other legal documents require witnesses to [[signature]]s; the witness does not need to read the document, but does need to see it being signed. The witness should not be party to the transaction, so in the case of [[Will (law)|will]]s, the witness should not be one of the beneficiaries.
In another sense witnesses also help out the scientific community, such as persons who observe [[natural disaster]]s and other phenomenon. Witnesses and their testimony in these events are extremely valuable, as scientists and [[meteorology|meteorologists]] rarely have the needed equipment to record these events from an up-close-and-personal perspective. In extreme cases, like the study of [[extraterrestrial]]s and [[unidentified flying object]]s, witness testimony may be the ''only'' source of information; consequently, said events tend to be met with speculation and doubt.-->
=== Saksi dalam budaya pop ===
Ada sejumlah film dan drama televisi sekitar seorang atau sejumlah saksi, biasanya dengan mengikutsertakan kata ini juga dalam judulnya. Contohnya:
''[[Witness for the Prosecution]]'', ''[[Witness (seri televisi)]]'', ''[[Silent Witness]]'', ''[[Mute Witness]]'', dan ''[[Witness (film 1985)]]''.
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