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===Klasifikasi menurut sistem APG===
Sistem APG, baik [[sistem klasifikasi APG I]] (1998) maupun [[sistem klasifikasi APG II]] (2003) menggunakan istilah [[klad]] untuk kelompok di atas bangsa ([[ordo]]), seperti ''magnoliids'' (plural, tidak dikapitalisasi) atau "kompleks magnoliid". Sistem APG II (dan APG III, 2009) mengakui klad magnoliids dengan cakupan sebagai berikut:
 
{| align="left" style="text-align:left; padding:2.5px; background:#eef"
|-
| style="background:#fff; padding:2.5px" |cladeklad '''magnoliids'''
: bangsa [[Canellales]]
: bangsa [[Laurales]]
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|}
{{-}}
-->▼
==Pemanfaatan ==
Kompleks magnoliid (Magnoliidae) mencakup banyak tumbuhan dengan nilai ekonomi tinggi, baik sebagai sumber pangan, bahan pengobatan, parfum, produk perkayuan, maupun penghias lingkungan, untuk menyebut beberapa di antaranya.
 
==EconomicBahan usespangan==
[[Image:Persea americana 2.jpg|thumb|right|The [[avocadoApokat]] has been cultivateddibudidayakan indi theAmerika Americassejak forribuan thousandstahun ofyang yearslalu.]]▼
The Magnoliidae is a large group of plants, with many species that are economically important as food, drugs, perfumes, timber, and as ornamentals, among many other uses.
Beberapa magnoliid menjadi bahan [[pangan]] dan [[rempah-rempah]]:
* [[Apokat]], diperkirakan telah di[[budidaya]]kan sejak 10.000 tahun yang lalu di [[Meksiko]] dan [[Amerika Tengah]]<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia | title = Angiosperms | encyclopedia = The New Encyclopaedia Britannica | volume = 13 | pages = pp 634–645 | date = 1994 }}</ref> untuk dimakan buahnya
* Jenis-jenis ''[[Annona]]'', seperti [[sirsak]], [[srikaya]], dan [[cerimoya]]<ref name="Heywood">{{cite book | last=Heywood | first=V. H. (ed.) | year=1993 | title= Flowering Plants of the World | edition= updated | location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-521037-9 | pages=pp 27–42 }}</ref>
* [[Pala]], juga menjadi [[obat|bahan pengobatan]] dan [[halusinogen]]
Some* members[[Sassafras]], ofminyaknya the Magnoliidae have served as important food additives. Oil ofmengandung [[sassafrassafrola]], wasyang formerlypernah usedmenjadi askomponen aaroma key flavoring in bothpada [[root beer]] and indan [[sarsaparillasarsaparila]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Hester | coauthors=Roy M. Harrison | year=2001 | title=Food safety and food quality | publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry | isbn=0854042709 |pages=p118 | unused_data=|first-R. E. }}</ref> sebelum Thedilarang primarykarena ingredientberpotensi responsible for the oil's flavor ismerusak [[safrolehati]], but it is no longer used in either the [[United States]] or [[Canada]]. Both nations banned the use of safrole as a food additive in 1960 as a result of studies that demonstrated safrole promoted [[liver]] damage and [[tumor]]s in mice.<ref name="Hayes">{{cite book | last=Hayes | first=Andrew Wallace | year=2001 | title= Principles and Methods of Toxicology | edition=4th | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=1560328142 | pages=p518 }}</ref> Consumption of more than a minute quantity of the oil causesdan [[nauseaginjal]], vomiting, hallucinations, and shallow rapid breathing. It is very toxic, and can severely damage the kidneys.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sassafras oil overdose | work=New York Times |url=http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/poison/sassafras-oil-overdose/overview.html | accessdate=2008-07-12 }}</ref>. ▼
 
url=http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/poison/sassafras-oil-overdose/overview.html | accessdate=2008-07-12 }}</ref> In addition to its former use as a food additive, safrole from either ''Sassafras'' or ''[[Ocotea cymbarum]]'' is also the primary precursor for synthesis of MDMA ([[methylenedioxymethamphetamine]]), commonly known as the drug ecstasy.<ref>{{cite journal | year=2005 | title= MDMA and MDA producers using Ocotea cymbarum as a precursor | url=http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/programs/forensicsci/microgram/mg1105/mg1105.html | journal=Microgram Bulletin | volume=XXXVIII | issue=11 }}</ref>▼
▲[[Image:Persea americana 2.jpg|thumb|right|The [[avocado]] has been cultivated in the Americas for thousands of years.]]
One widely cultivated magnoliid [[fruit]] is the [[avocado]] (''Persea americana''), which is believed to have been cultivated in [[Mexico]] and [[Central America]] for nearly 10,000 years.<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia | title = Angiosperms | encyclopedia = The New Encyclopaedia Britannica | volume = 13 | pages = pp 634–645 | date = 1994 }}</ref> Now grown throughout the American tropics, it probably originates from the [[Chiapas]] region of [[Mexico]] or [[Guatemala]], where "wild" avocados may still be found.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Kopp | first=Lucille E. | year=1966 | title=A taxonomic revision of the genus ''Persea'' in the Western Hemisphere. (''Persea''-Lauraceae) | journal=Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden | volume=14 | issue=1 | pages=1–117 }}</ref> The soft pulp of the fruit is eaten fresh or mashed into [[guacamole]]. The ancient peoples of Central America were also the first to cultivate several fruit-bearing species of ''[[Annona]]''.<ref name="Cronquist"/> These include the [[custard-apple]] (''A. reticulata''), [[soursop]] (''A. muricata''), sweetsop or [[sugar-apple]] (''A. squamosa''), and the [[cherimoya]] (''A. cherimola''). Both soursop and sweetsop now are widely grown for their fruits in the Old World as well.<ref name="Heywood">{{cite book | last=Heywood | first=V. H. (ed.) | year=1993 | title= Flowering Plants of the World | edition= updated | location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-521037-9 | pages=pp 27–42 }}</ref>
 
▲Some members of the Magnoliidae have served as important food additives. Oil of [[sassafras]] was formerly used as a key flavoring in both [[root beer]] and in [[sarsaparilla]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Hester | coauthors=Roy M. Harrison | year=2001 | title=Food safety and food quality | publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry | isbn=0854042709 |pages=p118 | unused_data=|first-R. E. }}</ref> The primary ingredient responsible for the oil's flavor is [[safrole]], but it is no longer used in either the [[United States]] or [[Canada]]. Both nations banned the use of safrole as a food additive in 1960 as a result of studies that demonstrated safrole promoted [[liver]] damage and [[tumor]]s in mice.<ref name="Hayes">{{cite book | last=Hayes | first=Andrew Wallace | year=2001 | title= Principles and Methods of Toxicology | edition=4th | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=1560328142 | pages=p518 }}</ref> Consumption of more than a minute quantity of the oil causes [[nausea]], vomiting, hallucinations, and shallow rapid breathing. It is very toxic, and can severely damage the kidneys.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sassafras oil overdose | work=New York Times |
▲url=http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/poison/sassafras-oil-overdose/overview.html | accessdate=2008-07-12 }}</ref> In addition to its former use as a food additive, safrole from either ''Sassafras'' or ''[[Ocotea cymbarum]]'' is also the primary precursor for synthesis of MDMA ([[methylenedioxymethamphetamine]]), commonly known as the drug ecstasy.<ref>{{cite journal | year=2005 | title= MDMA and MDA producers using Ocotea cymbarum as a precursor | url=http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/programs/forensicsci/microgram/mg1105/mg1105.html | journal=Microgram Bulletin | volume=XXXVIII | issue=11 }}</ref>
 
[[Image:Myris fragr Fr 080112-3294 ltn.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nutmeg]] fruits are a source of the [[hallucinogen]] [[myristicin]].]]
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Many magnoliid species produce [[essential oil]]s in their leaves, bark, or wood. The tree ''[[Virola surinamensis]]'' (Brazilian "nutmeg") contains [[trimyristin]], which is extracted in the form of a fat and used in [[soap]]s and [[candle]]s, as well as in [[shortening]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last= Pereira Pinto | first=Gerson | year=1951 | title= Contribuição ao estudo químico do Sêbo de Ucuúba | journal=Boletim Técnico do Instituto Agronômico do Norte | volume=23 | pages=1–63 }}</ref> Other fragrant volatile oils are extracted from ''[[Aniba rosaeodora]]'' ([[bois-de-rose oil]]), ''[[Cinnamomum porrectum]]'', ''[[Cinnamomum cassia]]'', and ''[[Litsea odorifera]]'' for scenting soaps.<ref>{{cite journal | last= Kostermans | first= A. J. G. H. | year=1957 | title=Lauraceae | journal=Communication of the Forest Research Institute, Indonesia | volume=57 | pages=1–64 }}</ref> [[Perfume]]s also are made from some of these oils; [[ylang-ylang]] comes from the flowers of ''[[Cananga odorata]]'', and is used by [[Arab]] and [[Swahili]] women.<ref name="Heywood"/> A compound called [[nutmeg butter]] is produced from the same tree as the spice of that name, but the sweet-smelling "butter" is used in perfumery or as a [[lubricant]] rather than as a food.
 
==SeeLihat alsopula==
* [[Eudicots]]
* [[MonocotyledonMonokotil]]
▲-->
 
== References ==
Diperoleh dari "https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliids"