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{{Infobox_President
|name = Alan García Pérez
|image = Garciaalan09112006.jpg
|caption =
|nationality = [[Peru]]
|order = [[Presiden Peru]] ke-44 dan 47
|term_start = [[28 Juli]] [[1985]]-[[28 Juli]] [[1990]]; [[28 Juli]] [[2006]]
|term_end =Sekarang
|predecessor = [[Fernando Belaúnde Terry]] <br /> [[Alejandro Toledo]]
|successor = Sedang Menjabat
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|5|23}}
|birth_place = [[Lima]], [[Peru]]
|dead = alive
|spouse = Carla Buscaglia (cerai)<br /> [[Pilar Nores de García]]
|party = [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|Peruvian Aprista Party]]
|vicepresident = [[Luis Alberto Sánchez]]<br /> [[Luis Alva Castro|Luis Alva]] <br /> [[Luis Giampietri Rojas|Luis Giampietri]] <br /> [[Lourdes Mendoza]]
}}
'''Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez''' ({{lahirmati|[[Lima]], [[Peru]]|23|5|1949}}) adalah [[Presiden Peru|Presiden]] [[Peru]], ketika memenangi [[Pemilihan Nasional Peru 2006|pemilu 2006]] pada [[4 Juni]] [[2006]] dalam babak kedua dari kandidat [[Union for Peru]] [[Ollanta Humala]].<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/49A76531-B028-4524-A697-9270F81738A8.htm Garcia wins to become Peru president], [[al-Jazeera]], [[5 Juni]] [[2006]]</ref> Ia juga adalah ketua [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|Peruvian Aprista Party]] dan anggota partai APRA yang menampilkan dirinya sebagai [[Presiden Peru|Presiden]] pada periode [[28 Juli]] [[1985]] – 28 Juli [[1990]] untuk periode jabatan pertamanya. Ia memenangi pemilu putaran kedua dengan 55,46 persen, sekaligus mengalahkan [[Ollanta Humala]] yang memperoleh 44,54 persen suara. Pemilu presiden 2006 tersebut dilukiskan sebagai momen istimewa, dengan rakyat terpaksa "memilih di antara yang terburuk".
García adalah Presiden Peru perioda [[1985]]-[[1990]] yang punya reputasi pernah memperburuk keadaan ekonomi [[Peru]] dengan kebijakan-kebijakan nasionalis pada era kepemimpinannya. Pertarungan antara Humala mengakibatkan aneka konflik di antara para pendukungnya. Keduanya saling mencela dengan keras. Model persaingan politik keduanya membuat sebagian rakyat Peru memilih "golput" ([[golongan putih]]) alias absen memilih. Ia memulai jabatan perioda keduanya pada [[28 Juli]] 2006.
Ia menganjurkan warga Peru memakai daun koka untuk menyedap rasa guna memerangi produksi dan peredaran kokain secara ilegal. Selain mempercayai pemakaian koka guna keperluan legal juga akan mengakhiri perdagangan liar kokain. Ia juga akan mengawasi penjualan bahan kimia dan kerosin yang sering dipakai untuk menyuling kokain. "Anda juga bisa memakainya untuk memanggang daging atau apapun guna menambah kelezatan penganan," kata sang presiden<ref>Koran Tempo, 22 Desember 2006.</ref>
{{terjemah|Inggris}}
His first presidency was marked by a severe economic crisis and an increase in [[subversive]] activities.
He ran for the presidency twice more, unsuccessfully in [[2001]], but winning the runoff against [[Ollanta Humala]] on [[June 4]] [[2006]]. Partial official results showed him ahead, with 55.5% of the vote compared to 44.5% for Humala with 77.3% of ballots counted <ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=2039359 Garcia Near Win in Peru Presidential Vote], [[ABC News]], [[June 4]], [[2006]]</ref> Considering it an insurmountable lead, Humala conceded defeat and congratulated García on his election victory. <ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/49A76531-B028-4524-A697-9270F81738A8.htm Garcia wins to become Peru president], [[al-Jazeera]], [[June 5]], [[2006]]</ref>
== Early years ==
[[Berkas:Garcia Haya.JPG|thumb|left|125px|Alan García dan [[Haya de la Torre]]]]
García was born into a middle-class Peruvian family with close ties to the already established [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|APRA]] party. García's father, Carlos García Ronceros, was the secretary of APRA during the government of [[Manuel A. Odría]], which had declared the illegality of the party. His father was later arrested and imprisoned given his political militancy, leaving him alienated from his family and not meeting his son Alan until five years later.
García obtained his early education at the Colegio Nacional José María Eguren in [[Lima]]'s [[Barranco]] district. He went on to postsecondary studies at the [[Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú|Pontificia Universidad Católica]] and later earned his law degree at the [[National University of San Marcos]] in [[1971]]. Interested in expanding his academic curriculum, he moved to [[Europe]], attending the [[Universidad Complutense de Madrid|Universidad Complutense]] in [[Madrid]] where he studied and completed his thesis on [[constitutional law]], which earned him his [[political science]] doctorate. In [[1973]], he went on to the [[University of Paris]], where he later obtained a degree in [[sociology]].
After living several years in [[Paris]], García was urged by the elder [[Haya de la Torre]] (who would die one year later) to return to political life in Peru in [[1978]], after the [[Francisco Morales Bermúdez|Bermúdez]] administration presided over the return to civilian government and allowed the reorganization of other political parties.
== The First Garcia Presidency ==
The youthful and charismatic García was elected president on [[April 14]], [[1985]] with 45% of the vote in the first round. Since he did not receive the 50% of the vote required to win the presidency, García was required to enter the second round against [[Alfonso Barrantes Lingán]] (former leftist mayor of Lima) of the [[United Left (Peru)|United Left]] party. Barrantes, however, retired and decided not to enter the runoff, saying he did not want to prolong the political uncertainty of the country. García was thus declared president on [[June 1]] and officially took power on [[July 28]], [[1985]]. For the first time in its sixty-year history, the [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|APRA]] party had come to power in Peru. Aged only 36, García was dubbed "[[Latin America]]'s [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]]," becoming the region's youngest president at the time.
Despite his initial popularity among Peruvian voters, García's term in office was marked by bouts of hyperinflation, which reached 7,649% in [[1990]] and had a cumulative total of 2,200,200% over the five years, thereby profoundly destabilizing the Peruvian economy.
Owing to such chronic inflation, the Peruvian currency, the [[Sol (currency)|sol]], was replaced by the [[Inti (currency)|Inti]] in mid-[[1985]], which itself was replaced the {{lang|es|[[Sol (currency)|nuevo sol]]}} ("new sol") in [[July]] [[1991]], at which time the new sol had a cumulative value of one billion (1,000,000,000) old soles. During García's administration, the per capita annual income of Peruvians fell to $720 (below the level of [[1960]]) and Peru's [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]] dropped 20%. By the end of his term, national reserves were a negative $900 million.
According to studies of the [[INEI|National Institute of Statistics and Informatics]] and the [[United Nations Development Programme]] <ref>[http://www.yachay.com.pe/especiales/Internet/index1.htm Perú], Atlas Internet ([[Spanish language|Spanish]])</ref>, around the start of his presidency, 41.6% of Peruvians lived in poverty. During his presidency, this percentage increased by 23% (to 55%) in [[1991]].
García also made an attempt to [[nationalization|nationalize]] the banking and insurance industries. He incurred the wrath of the [[International Monetary Fund]] and the financial community by unilaterally declaring a ceiling on debt repayment equal to 10% of the [[Gross National Product]], thereby isolating Peru from the international financial world.
The economic turbulence of the time exacerbated social tensions in Peru and partly contributed to the rise of the violent rebel movement [[Shining Path]], which had begun attacking electric towers, causing a number of blackouts in Lima. The García administration unsuccessfully sought a military solution to the growing terrorism, allegedly committing human rights violations which are still under investigation. These include the [[Accomarca massacre]], where 47 [[campesino]]s were gunned to death by the Peruvian armed forces in [[August]] [[1985]], the [[Cayara massacre]] (May 1988) in which some thirty were killed and dozens disappeared, and the summary execution of more than 200 inmates during prison riots in Lurigancho, San Juan Bautista ([[El Frontón]]) and Santa Bárbara in [[1986]]. According to an official inquiry, an estimated 1,600 [[forced disappearance]]s took place during García's presidency. His own personal involvement in these events is not clear.
García's presidency left the country with [[hyperinflation]], isolated from the international financial community, with reserves of minus US$900 million, continuous subversive activities by the [[Shining Path]], great increase in poverty levels and an electric train multi-million investment in [[Lima]] that was never finished.
His critics claim the many poor decisions he took while in office created an environment conducive the rise of an authoritarian leader like [[Alberto Fujimori]]. Some suspect García and APRA cut a deal with Fujimori during the [[Peruvian national election, 1990|1990 election]], backing him in return for immunity, so as to prevent [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] and his [[FREDEMO]] party, then leading in the polls, from coming to power. During the campaign, FREDEMO had promised to investigate corruption in the García administration.
== Post-presidency ==
In [[1992]], García went into exile in [[Perancis]] after Fujimori's ''auto-coup'' during which the military raided his house. The new government re-opened charges against him for allegedly taking millions of dollars in bribes. He denied the charges and in [[2001]] Peru's Supreme Court ruled that the statute of limitations had run out. After living eight years and 10 months in neighboring [[Colombia]] dan di [[Perancis]], dia kembali ke [[Peru]] pada 2001 untuk bertarung mendapatkan posisi presiden, managing to obtain 48% of the vote in the runoff, but losing by a close margin to [[Alejandro Toledo]]. Since the [[Peruvian national election, 2001|2001 election]], García, as leader of the APRA party, led the opposition.
García officially started his campaign for the [[Peruvian national election, 2006|April 2006 presidential election]] in Lima on [[February 18]], [[2005]]. No candidate won a majority so a runoff was held on [[June 4]], [[2006]] between the two candidates with the leading votes in the first round. [[Ollanta Humala Tasso|Ollanta Humala]] won the most votes in the first round, with 30.62% of valid votes, and faced García, who got 24.32% (against [[Lourdes Flores]]' 23.81%). Partial official results give García an advantage over his runoff opponent, who conceded defeat.
[[Berkas:Garcia-Humala Screenshot.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Alan Garcia and [[Ollanta Humala]] embracing each other in the Presidential Debate.]]
On [[April 28]], [[2006]] Garcia became involved in a dispute with [[Venezuela]]n President [[Hugo Chávez]] as Chávez for the second time in the Peruvian Presidential election declared his support for García's opponent Ollanta Humala and referred to García as a "robber" and a "bandit". García, in response, stated that Chávez was "not acting as a statesman" and challenged Chávez to a debate to be hypothetically hosted by [[CNN]]. García also called on the [[Organization of American States]] to intervene in the matter <ref>{{lang|es|[http://www.eluniversal.com/2006/04/28/pol_ava_28A700911.shtml Alan García reta a Chávez a polemizar por CNN]}}, El Universal, [[28 April]], [[2006]] ([[Spanish language|Spanish]])</ref> <ref>[http://weblogs.elearning.ubc.ca/peru/archives/026151.php Alan García in Dispute with Hugo Chávez], [[University of British Columbia]] — Peru Elections 2006, [[April 28]], [[2006]]</ref>.
On [[May 31]], [[2006]] days before the second round election García's economic adviser Enrique Cornejo told the media that if García won in the second round his government would renew a $422 million aid package with the [[International Monetary Fund]]. <ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000086&sid=aamnzC.ydw6g "Peru's García Pledges to Renew IMF Loan Agreement (Update2)"], [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], [[May 31]], [[2006]]</ref>
== The Second García Administration ==
According to partial official results, he is likely to be the new president of Peru winning approximately 53% of the nationwide vote despite losing key economic & tourist areas such as Cuzco, Arequipa and mining areas such as Huancavelica, Junin and jungle areas including Loreto, Amazonas and Madre de Dios. With 36 seats, APRA will have the second largest bloc in the 120 seat unicameral [[Congress of Peru|Congress]] which will be sworn in [[July 2006]] a couple of days before the new President. With 45 seats, Humala's [[Union for Peru]] Party will have the largest bloc. <ref>[http://weblogs.elearning.ubc.ca/peru/archives/027538.php Exit Poll Results: Alan Garcia in First Place] [[University of British Columbia]] — Peru Elections 2006, [[June 4]], [[2006]]</ref>
== Published works ==
Alan García is the author of several books on the Peruvian reality and Latin America. Most of them may be found in the [[National Library of Peru]]. His published works include the following:
* {{lang|es|''A la inmensa mayoría: discursos''}} ([[1988]])
* {{lang|es|''El futuro diferente''}} ([[1989]])
* {{lang|es|''El desarme financiero: pueblo y deuda en América Latina''}} ([[1989]])
* {{lang|es|''La revolución regional''}} ([[1990]])
* {{lang|es|''La defensa de Alan García''}} ([[1991]])
* {{lang|es|''El nuevo totalitarismo''}} ([[1992]])
* {{lang|es|''El mundo de Machiavello''}} ([[1994]])
* {{lang|es|''La falsa modernidad''}} ([[1997]])
* {{lang|es|''Siete tesis erróneas del neoliberalismo en América Latina''}} ([[1997]])
* {{lang|es|''Mi Gobierno hizo la regionalización''}} ([[1999]])
* {{lang|es|''La década infame: deuda externa 1990–1999''}} ([[2000]])
* {{lang|es|''Modernidad y política en el siglo XXI: globalización con justicia social''}} ([[2003]])
* {{lang|es|''Sierra Exportadora - Empleo, Modernidad y Justicia en Los Andes''}} ([[2005]]) -->
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.apra.org.pe/ APRA's official site] (in [[Spanish language|Spanish]])
* [http://weblogs.elearning.ubc.ca/peru/archives/024210.php#more Peru Election 2006: Alan García] ''The University of British Columbia''
* [http://www.gci275.com/peru/garcia.shtml The Alan Garcia Presidency] (articles on Alan García, past and present)
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1140885.stm "Exiled Garcia back in Peru"], [[BBC News Online]], [[28 January]] [[2001]]
* [http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/TOMO%20III/Cap.%202%20Los%20actores%20polIticos/2.2%20PARTIDO%20APRISTA.pdf cverdad.org] (A brief report made by the ''[[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Peru)|Peruvian Commission of Truth]]'' involving Alan García)
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{{succession box | before = [[Alejandro Toledo]] | title = [[Presiden Peru]] | years = [[2006]]–Sekarang| after = Sedang Menjabat}}
{{succession box | before = [[Armando Villanueva]] | title = Kandidat Presiden [[Aliansi Revolusioner Rakyat Amerika|Partido Aprista]] | years = [[1985]] – (menang) | after = [[Luis Alva Castro]]}}
{{succession box | before = [[Fernando Belaúnde Terry]] | title = [[Presiden Peru]]| years = [[Juli]] [[1985]]–Juli [[1990]] | after = [[Alberto Fujimori]]}}
{{succession box | before = — | title = Senator Republik| years = [[Juli]] [[1990]]–[[April]] [[1992]] | after = Tidak Ada: [[Senat Peru|Senat]] dissolved}}
{{succession box | before = [[Jorge del Castillo]] | title = Sekretaris Jenderal [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|APRA]] | years = [[2001]]–''sekarang'' | after = ''Sedang Menjabat''}}
{{end box}}
[[Kategori:Kelahiran 1949|García]]
[[Kategori:Presiden Peru|García]]
[[ar:آلان غارسيا]]
[[ast:Alan García Pérez]]
[[be:Алан Гарсія]]
[[be-x-old:Алян Гарсія]]
[[bg:Алан Гарсия]]
[[bi:Alan García]]
[[br:Alan García Pérez]]
[[ca:Alan García Pérez]]
[[da:Alan García]]
[[de:Alan García]]
[[el:Άλαν Γκαρσία]]
[[en:Alan García]]
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[[es:Alan García]]
[[et:Alan García Pérez]]
[[fi:Alan García]]
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[[it:Alan García Pérez]]
[[ja:アラン・ガルシア]]
[[ka:ალან გარსია პერესი]]
[[ko:알란 가르시아]]
[[la:Alanus Garcia Perez]]
[[lt:Alan García]]
[[lv:Alans Garsija]]
[[mr:ऍलन गार्शिया]]
[[nah:Alan García]]
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[[ru:Гарсиа Перес, Алан]]
[[sh:Alan Garcia]]
[[sr:Алан Гарсија]]
[[sv:Alan García Pérez]]
[[th:อาลัน การ์ซีอา]]
[[tr:Alan García]]
[[uk:Алан Ґарсія]]
[[yo:Alan García]]
[[zh:阿兰·加西亚·佩雷斯]]
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