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[[Berkas:Manuel II - half stavraton - sb2551.jpg|thumb|300px|HalfKoin stavraton coin bybergambar Manuel. On the reverse, Manuel's bust.]]
[[Berkas:Byzantium1400.png|thumb|300px|right|TheKekaisaran ByzantineBizantium Empirepada intahun 1403.]]
'''Manuel II Palaiologos''' atau '''Palaeologus''' ([[Bahasa Yunani]]: Μανουήλ Β΄ Παλαιολόγος, ''Manouēl II Palaiologos'') ([[27 Juni]] [[1350]] – [[21 Juli]] [[1425]]) adalah [[Kaisar ByzantineRomawi Timur]] dari [[1391]] sampai [[1425]].
== Kehidupan ==
Manuel II Palaiologos adalah anak kedua dari Kaisar [[John V Palaiologos]] (1341–1376, 1379–1390, 1390–1391) dan (istrinya) Helena Kantakouzena. Kakek-nenek maternalnya adalah Kaisar [[John VI Kantakouzenos]] (1347–1354) dan Eirene Asanina.
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Created ''[[despot|despotēs]]'' by his father, the future Manuel II traveled west to seek support for the [[Byzantine Empire]] in [[1365]] and in [[1370]], serving as governor in [[Thessalonica]] from [[1369]]. The failed attempt at usurpation by his older brother [[Andronikos IV Palaiologos]] in [[1373]] led to Manuel being proclaimed heir and co-emperor of his father. In [[1376]]–[[1379]] and again in [[1390]] they were supplanted by Andronikos IV and then his son John VII, but Manuel personally defeated his nephew with help from the [[Republic of Venice]] in 1390. Although John V had been restored, Manuel was forced to go as an honorary hostage to the court of the [[Ottoman Dynasty|Ottoman Sultan]] [[Bayezid I]] at Prousa ([[Bursa, Turkey|Bursa]]). During his stay, Manuel was forced to participate in the Ottoman campaign that reduced Philadelpheia, the last Byzantine enclave in [[Anatolia]].
Hearing of his father's death in February [[1391]], Manuel II Palaiologos fled the Ottoman court and secured the capital against any potential claim by his nephew John VII. Although relations with John VII improved, the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I besieged [[Constantinople]] from [[1394]] to [[1402]]. After some five years of siege, Manuel II entrusted the city to his nephew and embarked on a long trip to western courts (including those of the [[Kingdom of England]], [[France]], the [[Holy Roman Empire]], and [[Aragon]]) to seek assistance against the [[Ottoman Empire]].
Meanwhile an anti-Ottoman crusade led by the [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian]] King [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sisigmund of Luxemburg]] failed at the [[Battle of Nicopolis]] on [[September 25]] [[1396]], but the Ottomans were themselves crushingly defeated by [[Timur]] at the [[Battle of Ankara]] in [[1402]]. As the sons of Bayezid I struggled with each other over the succession in the [[Ottoman Interregnum]], John VII was able to secure the return of the European coast of the [[Sea of Marmara]] and of Thessalonica to the Byzantine Empire. When Manuel II returned home in [[1403]], his nephew duly surrendered control of Constantinople and was rewarded with the governorship of newly recovered Thessalonica.
Manuel II Palaiologos used this period of respite to bolster the defenses of the [[Despotate of Morea]], where the Byzantine Empire was actually expanding at the expense of the remnants of the [[Latin Empire]]. Here Manuel supervised the building of the ''Hexamilion'' wall across the [[Isthmus of Corinth]], intended to defend the [[Peloponnese]] from the Ottomans.
Manuel II stood on friendly terms with the victor in the Ottoman civil war, [[Mehmed I]] (1402–1421), but his attempts to meddle in the next contested succession led to a new assault on Constantinople by [[Murad II]] (1421–1451) in [[1422]]. During the last years of his life, Manuel II relinquished most official duties to his son and heir [[John VIII Palaiologos]], and in [[1424]] they were forced to sign a peace treaty with the Ottoman Turks, whereby the Byzantine Empire undertook to pay tribute to the sultan. Manuel II died on [[21 July]] [[1425]].
Manuel II was the author of numerous works of varied character, including letters, poems, a Saints's Life, treatises on [[theology]] and [[rhetoric]], and an epitaph for his brother [[Theodore I Palaiologos]].
==Recent controversy (2006)==
[[Benedict XVI|Pope Benedict XVI]] quoted in his [[September 12]] speech at the [[University of Regensburg]] parts from a dispute between Manuel II and a [[Persia]]n scholar, in which Palaiologos was quoted by as saying, "Show me just what [[Muhammad]] brought that was new and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached"[http://www.n-tv.de/710667.html], triggering outrage from Muslim organizations: [[Ali Bardakoglu]] opined that Benedict has a "crusader mentality", [[Mahdi Akef]] called Muslim states to discontinue relations with the Vatican and [[al-Arabiya]] predicted the quote would provoke the "anger of the Muslim world".[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5347876.stm]. While the speech discussed the issue of [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendence]], Manuel II's original writings reflect the rise of Islam (the original letters were penned sometime around [[1400]], when the Ottomans besieged Constantinople). Α mere 200 years earlier, it was Catholicism which represented the greater threat to the Byzantine Empire's stability, as exemplified by the events of the [[Fourth Crusade]], but by Manuel's time, Turkish power had become the predominant threat.
==Family==
By his wife [[Helena Dragas|Helena Dragaš]], the daughter of the [[Serbia]]n prince [[Constantine Dragas|Constantine Dragaš]], Manuel II Palaiologos had several children, including:
#[[John VIII Palaiologos]], Byzantine emperor 1425-1448
#[[Theodore II Palaiologos]], ''despotēs'' in Morea
#[[Andronikos Palaiologos]], ''despotēs'' in Thessalonica
#[[Constantine XI|Constantine XI Palaiologos]], Byzantine emperor 1448-1453
#[[Demetrios Palaiologos]], ''despotēs'' in Morea
#[[Thomas Palaiologos]], ''despotēs'' in Morea
An illegitimate daughter named Isabella married Ilario Doria.
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== Referensi ==
* ''Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium'', Oxford University Press, 1991.
{{kotak suksesi |
pendahulu=[[John V Palaiologos|John V]] |
jabatan=[[Kaisar ByzantineRomawi Timur]] |
tahun=[[1391]]–[[1425]] |
pengganti=[[John VIII Palaiologos|John VIII]]
}}
{{kotak akhir}}
{{lifetime|1350|1425|Manuel 02}}
{{Kaisar Romawi}}
[[Kategori:Kaisar ByzantineRomawi Timur]]
[[Kategori:Dinasti PalaeologusPalaiologos]]
[[an:Manuel II Paleologo]]
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