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== Prasejarah Australia ==
Prasejarah Australia adalah sebuah istilah yang dapat digunakan untuk menggambarkan periode sekitar 40.000-45.000 tahun yang lalu (Atau lebih, seperti yang tertulis dalam beberapa penelitian) antara habitasi manusia pertama sampai penglihatan pertama Australia oleh orang-orang Eropa pada [[1606]]. Masa ini bisa disebut prasejarah dan bukan sejarah karena tidak ada catatan tertulis tentang manusia di Australia sebelum tahun 1606.
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== Sejarah Australia sebelum 1901==
Records of the discovery of the [[Australia (continent)|Australian continent]] by European expeditions date back to the early [[17th century]]. The first such undisputed sighting was in 1606 by the Dutch navigator [[Willem Janszoon]], who in his ship ''[[Duyfken]]'' navigated the [[Gulf of Carpentaria]], sighting and making landfall on the western coast of [[Cape York Peninsula]]. Other 17th century European voyagers (predominantly Dutch, but also French and English) were to follow suit, and by the start of the [[18th century]] the western and northern coastlines of what had become known as "[[New Holland (Australia)|New Holland]]" had been charted. No attempts to establish settlements were made, however.
In 1770, the expedition of the [[HM Bark Endeavour|''Endeavour'']] under command of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[Royal Navy]] Lieutenant [[James Cook]] navigated and charted the east coast of Australia, making first landfall at [[Botany Bay]] on [[April 29]], [[1770]]. Cook continued northwards, and before leaving put ashore on Possession Island in the [[Torres Strait]] off Cape York on [[August 22]] [[1770]]. Here he formally claimed the eastern coastline he had discovered for the Crown, naming it [[New South Wales]]. Given that Cook's discoveries would lead to the first European settlement of Australia, he is often popularly conceived as its European discoverer, although he had been preceded by more than 160 years.
The favourable reports of these lands relayed by Cook's expedition upon their return to [[England]] generated interest in its offered solution to the problem of penal overcrowding in Britain, which had been exacerbated by the loss of its [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]]. Accordingly, on [[May 13]] [[1787]] the 11 ships of the [[First Fleet]] set sail from [[Portsmouth]], England, bound for Botany Bay.
The British [[British overseas territory|Crown Colony]] of New South Wales started with the establishment of a settlement and [[penal colony]] at [[Port Jackson]] by Captain [[Arthur Phillip]] on [[26 January]] [[1788]]. This date was later to become Australia's national day, [[Australia Day]]. [[Van Diemen's Land]], now known as [[Tasmania]], was settled in 1803 and became a separate colony in 1825. Britain formally claimed the western part of Australia in 1829. Separate colonies were created from parts of New South Wales: [[South Australia]] in 1836, [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] in 1851, and [[Queensland]] in 1859. The [[Northern Territory]] (NT) was founded in 1863 as part of the Province of South Australia. Victoria and South Australia were founded as "free colonies"—that is, they were never penal colonies, although the former did receive some convicts from Tasmania. Western Australia was also founded "free", but later accepted transported convicts due to an acute labour shortage. The transportation of convicts to Australia was phased out between 1840 and 1868.
A [[gold rush]] began in Australia in the early 1850s, and the [[Eureka Stockade]] rebellion in [[1854]] was an early expression of nationalist sentiment. Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies individually gained [[responsible government]], managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the [[British Empire]]. The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs, defence and international shipping.
== Sejarah Australia sejak 1901 ==
On [[1 January]] [[1901]], [[Federation of Australia|federation]] of the colonies was achieved after a decade of planning, consultation and voting, and the Commonwealth of Australia was born, as a [[Dominion]] of the [[British Empire]]. The [[Australian Capital Territory]] (ACT) was formed from New South Wales in 1911 to provide a location for the proposed new federal capital of [[Canberra]] ([[Melbourne]] was the capital from 1901 to 1927). The Northern Territory was transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the Commonwealth in 1911. Australian troops took part in both world wars. Since [[World War II]] Australia has been transformed by a massive [[immigration]] programme, and since the 1970s and the abolition of the [[White Australia policy]] from Asia and other parts of the world; radically transforming Australia's demography, culture and image of itself.
The [[Statute of Westminster 1931]] formally ended most of the constitutional links between Australia and Britain, but Australia did not [[Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942|adopt the Statute]] until 1942. The shock of Britain's defeat in Asia in 1942 and the threat of Japanese invasion caused Australia to turn to the United States as a new ally and protector. Since 1951, Australia has been a formal military ally of the US under the auspices of the [[ANZUS]] treaty. The final constitutional ties between Australia and Britain ended in [[1986]] with the passing of the [[Australia Act 1986]], ending any British role in the Australian States, and ending judicial appeals to the UK Privy Council. Australia remains a [[constitutional monarchy]] with [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] the [[Queen of Australia]]; the 1999 [[Australian referendum, 1999|referendum to establish a republic]] was marginally rejected. Australia's links to its British past are increasingly tenuous. Since the election of the [[Gough Whitlam|Whitlam Government]] in 1972, there has been an increasing focus on the nation's future as a part of the Asia-Pacific region.-->
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Terra Nullius]]
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