Publikasi ilmiah: Perbedaan antara revisi

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==Sejarah==
Salah satu [[jurnal ilmiah]] yang dianggap paling awal antara lain adalah [[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]] pada [[abad ke-17]]. Pada masa itu, menerbitkan hasil penelitian dianggap sebagai sesuatu yang kontroversial. Seringkali penemuan baru diumumkan dengan menggunakan bentuk anagram, yang membuat orang lain tidak mengerti apa yang diumumkan, namun sebenarnya anagram tersebut mengandung arti yang menjelaskan penemuan baru tersebut, sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai klaim bahwa si pengumumlah yang pertama kali menemukan hasil tersebut.
 
==Makalah akademis==
Dalam publikasi ilmiah, sebuah makalah adalah sebuah karya akademis yang umumnya diterbitkan dalam suatu [[jurnal ilmiah]]. Makalah ini dapat berisi hasil penelitian orisinil atau berupa telaah dari hasil-hasil yang telah ada sebelumnya. Makalah seperti ini baru dapat dianggap valid setelah melalui proses [[peer review]] oleh satu atau beberapa pemeriksa (yang juga merupakan akademisi di bidang yang sama) dalam rangka untuk memeriksa isi makalah apakah telah sesuai untuk dipublikasikan di jurnal. Sebuah makalah dapat mengalami beberapa kali pemeriksaan dan revisi, sebelum akhirnya dapat diterima untuk publikasi. Hal ini dapat berlangsung hingga beberapa tahun, khususnya untuk jurnal penerbitan yang sangat populer.
 
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At that time, the act of publishing academic inquiry was controversial, and widely ridiculed. It was not at all unusual for a new discovery to be announced as an [[anagram]], reserving priority for the discoverer, but indecipherable for anyone not in on the secret: both [[Isaac Newton]] and [[Leibniz]] used this approach. However, this method did not work well. [[Robert K. Merton]], a sociologist, found that 92% of cases of simultaneous discovery in the 17th century ended in dispute. The number of disputes dropped to 72% in the [[18th century]], 59% by the latter half of the [[19th century]], and 33% by the first half of the [[20th century]]. The decline in contested claims for priority in research discoveries can be credited to the increasing acceptance of the publication of papers in modern academic journals.
 
The [[Royal Society]] was steadfast in its unpopular belief that science could only move forward through a transparent and open exchange of ideas backed by experimental evidence.
 
==Academic paper==
In [[academic publishing]], a '''paper''' is an academic work that is usually published in an [[academic journal]]. It contains original [[research]] results or reviews existing results. Such a paper, also called an article, will only be considered valid if it undergoes a process of [[peer review]] by one or more [[referee]]s (who are academics in the same field) in order to check that the content of the paper is suitable for [[publication]] in the journal. A paper may undergo a series of reviews, edits and re-submissions before finally being accepted or rejected for publication. This process should and may take some years, particularly for the most popular journals where the number of acceptable articles outnumbers the space for printing. Due to this, many [[academic]]s offer a '[[pre-print]]' copy of their paper for free download from their personal or institutional [[website]].
 
Some journals, particularly newer ones, are now published in electronic form only. Paper journals are often made available online to members of [[academic institution]]s. Sometimes these electronic versions are available immediately upon publication of the paper version, but more frequently the [[publisher]] will insist on a delay of two to five years before making electronic download available in order to protect revenue streams.