Orang kulit putih

Kulit putih merupakan istilah yang biasanya merujuk pada manusia yang memiliki ciri, setidaknya sebagian, dengan pigmentasi kulit. Namun, alih-alih deskripsi terus terang warna kulit itu, istilah kulit putih berfungsi sebagai terminologi warna untuk ras, sering disebut secara sempit kepada orang-orang yang menyatakan diri memiliki leluhur yang semata-mata dari Eropa. Definisi 'orang kulit putih' berbeda-beda menurut konteks geografis dan historis, dan sejumlah konsep warna putih berdampak pada identitas nasional, konsanguitas, kebijakan publik, agama, statistik populasi, pemisahan ras/tindakan persetujuan, eugenika, marginalisasi ras, dan kuota rasial. Konsep ini telah diterapkan dengan sekian derajat formalitas dan konsistensi internal dalam berbagai bidang ilmu, seperti sosiologi, politik, genetika, biologi, kedokteran, biomedik, bahasa, budaya, dan hukum.

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Jenis-jenis orang kulit putih

Bibliografi

• Allen, Theodore, The Invention of the White Race, 2 vols. (London: Verso, 1994)
• Bonnett, Alastair White Identities: Historical and International Perspectives (Harlow, Pearson, 2000)
• Brodkin, Karen, How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America, Rutgers, 1999, ISBN 0-8135-2590-X.
• Foley, Neil, The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997)
• Gossett, Thomas F. , Race: The History of an Idea in America, New ed. (New York: Oxford University, 1997)
• Guglielmo, Thomas A. , White on Arrival: Italians, Race, Color, and Power in Chicago, 1890-1945, 2003, ISBN 0-19-515543-2
• Hannaford, Ivan, Race: The History of an Idea in the West (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1996)
• Ignatiev, Noel, How the Irish Became White, Routledge, 1996, ISBN 0-415-91825-1.
• Jackson, F. L. C. (2004). Book chapter: Human genetic variation and health: new assessment approaches based on ethnogenetic layering British Medical Bulletin 2004; 69: 215–235 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldh012. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
• Jacobson, Matthew Frye, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race, Harvard, 1999, ISBN 0-674-95191-3.
• Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006). The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story. Constable and Robinson Ltd., London. ISBN 978-1-84529-185-7.
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• Smedley, Audrey, Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview, 2nd ed. (Boulder: Westview, 1999).
• Sweet, Frank W. , Legal History of the Color Line: The Rise and Triumph of the One-Drop Rule, Backintyme, 2005, ISBN 0-939479-23-0.
• Tang, Hua., Tom Quertermous, Beatriz Rodriguez, Sharon L. R. Kardia, Xiaofeng Zhu, Andrew Brown,7 James S. Pankow,8 Michael A. Province,9 Steven C. Hunt, Eric Boerwinkle, Nicholas J. Schork, and Neil J. Risch (2005) Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies Am. J. Hum. Genet. 76:268–275.
• "The United Independent Compensatory Code/System/Concept" A textbook/workbook for thought, speech and/or action for victims of racism (White supremacy) Neely Fuller Jr. 1984