|
Mesin slot video pertama Amerika yang menawarkan sebuah "layar kedua" babak bonus adalah Reel ’Em In, dikembangkan oleh [[WMS Industries]] pada tahun 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.casinocenter.com/?p=834|title=HALL OF FAME IN SLOT GAMES : Casino Player Magazine - Strictly Slots Magazine - Casino Gambling Tips|work=casinocenter.com}}</ref> Mesin tipe ini telah muncul di Australia dari setidaknya tahun 1994 dengan Permainan Three Bags Full.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arcade-history.com/?n=3-bags-full&page=detail&id=5056|title=3 Bags Full|work=arcade-history.com}}</ref> Dengan mesin tipe ini, layar akan berganti untuk menyediakan sebuah permainan lain dimana pembayaran tambahan akan dihadiahkan.
==OperationPengoperasian==
[[Image:Vegas slots.JPG|left|thumb|ASebaris rowmesin ofslot "Wheel of Fortune" slotdalam machinessebuah inkasino a casino indi Las Vegas. This specificMesin slot machineinilah isyang themedmenjadi totema theacara TV game showpermainan ''[[Wheel of Fortune (Americanprogram TV gamedari showInggris)|Wheel of Fortune]]''.]]
[[File:RAY Ruusu and Tuplapotti.JPG|right|thumb|[[RAY (Finland)|RAY]]'s Ruusu anddan Tuplapotti slotmesin machinesslot indi FinlandFinlandia]]
Depending on the machine, the player can insert cash or, in "[[ticket-in, ticket-out]]" machines, a paper ticket with a [[barcode]], into a designated slot on the machine. The machine is then activated by means of a lever or button (either physical or on a touchscreen), which activates reels that spin and stop to rearrange the symbols. If a player matches a winning combination of symbols, the player earns credits based on the paytable. Symbols vary depending on the theme of the machine. Classic symbols include objects such as fruits, bells, and stylized [[Luck#Numerology|lucky sevens]]. Most slot games have a theme, such as a specific [[Aesthetics|aesthetic]], location, or character. Symbols and other bonus features of the game are typically aligned with the theme. Some themes are licensed from popular [[media franchise]]s, including films, television series (including [[game show]]s such as ''[[Wheel of Fortune (American game show)|Wheel of Fortune]]''), entertainers, and musicians.
===Payout percentage===
{{Globalize|section|date=April 2019}}
Slot machines are typically programmed to pay out as winnings 0% to 99% of the money that is wagered by players. This is known as the "theoretical payout percentage" or RTP, "return to player". The minimum theoretical payout percentage varies among jurisdictions and is typically established by law or regulation. For example, the minimum payout in [[Nevada]] is 75%, in [[New Jersey]] 83%, and in Mississippi 80%. The winning patterns on slot machines – the amounts they pay and the frequencies of those payouts – are carefully selected to yield a certain fraction of the money paid to the "house" (the operator of the slot machine) while returning the rest to the players during play. Suppose that a certain slot machine costs $1 per spin and has a return to player (RTP) of 95%. It can be calculated that, over a sufficiently long period such as 1,000,000 spins, the machine will return an average of $950,000 to its players, who have inserted $1,000,000 during that time. In this (simplified) example, the slot machine is said to pay out 95%. The operator keeps the remaining $50,000. Within some EGM development organizations this concept is referred to simply as "par". "Par" also manifests itself to gamblers as promotional techniques: "Our 'Loose Slots' have a 93% payback! Play now!"{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}
"Skill stop" buttons were added to some slot machines by Zacharias Anthony in the early 1970s. These enabled the player to stop each reel, allowing a degree of "skill" so as to satisfy the [[New Jersey]] gaming laws of the day which required that players were able to control the game in some way. The original conversion was applied to approximately 50 late-model Bally slot machines. Because the typical machine stopped the reels automatically in less than 10 seconds, weights were added to the mechanical timers to prolong the automatic stopping of the reels. By the time the New Jersey Alcoholic Beverages Commission (ABC) had approved the conversion for use in New Jersey arcades, the word was out and every other distributor began adding skill stops. The machines were a huge hit on the [[Jersey Shore]] and the remaining unconverted Bally machines were destroyed as they had become instantly obsolete.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}
==LegislationLihat Juga==
*[[Kasino]]
===United States===
In the United States, the public and private availability of slot machines is [[United States state slot machine ownership regulations|highly regulated by state governments]]. Many states have established [[gaming control board]]s to regulate the possession and use of slot machines and other form of gaming.
[[Nevada]] is the only state that has no significant restrictions against slot machines both for public and private use. In [[New Jersey]], slot machines are only allowed in hotel casinos operated in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]]. Several states ([[Indiana]], [[Louisiana]] and [[Missouri]]) allow slot machines (as well as any casino-style gambling) only on licensed [[riverboat]]s or permanently anchored [[barge]]s. Since [[Hurricane Katrina]], [[Mississippi]] has removed the requirement that casinos on the Gulf Coast operate on barges and now allows them on land along the shoreline. [[Delaware]] allows slot machines at three horse tracks; they are regulated by the [[Delaware Lottery|state lottery]] commission. In Wisconsin, bars and taverns are allowed to have up to five machines. These machines usually allow a player to either take a payout, or gamble it on a double-or-nothing "side game".
The [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|territory]] of [[Puerto Rico]] places significant restrictions on slot machine ownership, but the law is widely flouted and slot machines are common in bars and coffeeshops.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/765596778/Illegal-slot-machines-threaten-Puerto-Rico-casinos.html?pg=all|newspaper=[[Deseret News]]|last=Coto|first=Danica|date=August 13, 2012|title=Illegal slot machines threaten Puerto Rico casinos|access-date=June 23, 2016}}</ref>
In regards to [[Native American gaming|tribal casinos]] located on [[Indian reservation|Native American reservations]], slot machines played against the house and operating independently from a [[centralized system|centralized computer system]] are classified as "Class III" gaming by the [[Indian Gaming Regulatory Act]] (IGRA), and sometimes promoted as "Vegas-style" slot machines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://southfloridareporter.com/10-casinos-you-can-gamble-at-in-south-florida/|title=10 Casinos You Can Gamble at in South Florida|last=SouthFloridaReporter.com|date=2018-09-05|website=South Florida Reporter|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref> In order to offer Class III gaming, tribes must enter into a [[Tribal-state compacts|compact]] (agreement) with the state that is approved by the [[United States Department of the Interior|Department of the Interior]], which may contain restrictions on the types and quantity of such games. As a workaround, some casinos may operate slot machines as "Class II" games—a category that includes games where players play exclusively against at least one other opponent and not the house, such as [[Bingo (American version)|bingo]] or any related games (such as [[pull-tab]]s). In these cases, the reels are an entertainment display with a pre-determined outcome based on a centralized game played against other players. Under the IGRA, Class II games are regulated by individual tribes and the [[National Indian Gaming Commission]], and do not require any additional approval if the state already permits tribal gaming.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.glendalestar.com/news/article_ed78ec06-728e-11e5-9c29-23f1fea664a5.html|title=Slot machines ordered; Class II casinos explained|last=Dryer|first=Carolyn|website=The Glendale Star|language=en|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-jun-21-fi-golden21-story.html|title=New Slot Machines Without Strings|date=2004-06-21|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref>
Some [[Instant Racing|historical race wagering]] terminals operate in a similar manner, with the machines using slots as an entertainment display for outcomes paid using the [[parimutuel betting]] system, based on results of randomly-selected, previously-held [[horse race]]s (with the player able to view selected details about the race and adjust their picks before playing the credit, or otherwise use an auto-bet system).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bgdailynews.com/news/kentucky-downs-kicks-off-instant-racing/article_264ec04a-fd72-5506-8462-45852253d045.html|title=Kentucky Downs kicks off instant racing|last=Minor|first=Robyn L.|website=Bowling Green Daily News|language=en|access-date=2019-11-22}}</ref>
====Private ownership====
[[Alaska]], [[Arizona]], [[Arkansas]], [[Kentucky]], [[Maine]], [[Minnesota]], [[Nevada]], [[Ohio]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Texas]], [[Utah]], [[Virginia]], and [[West Virginia]] place no restrictions on private ownership of slot machines. Conversely, in [[Connecticut]], [[Hawaii]], [[Nebraska]], [[South Carolina]], and [[Tennessee]], private ownership of any slot machine is completely prohibited. The remaining states allow slot machines of a certain age (typically 25–30 years) or slot machines manufactured before a specific date. For a detailed list of state-by-state regulations on private slot machine ownership, see [[United States slot machine ownership regulations by state]].
===Canada===
The Government of Canada has minimal involvement in gambling beyond the Canadian [[Criminal Code (Canada)|Criminal Code]]. In essence, the term "lottery scheme" used in the code means slot machines, bingo and table games normally associated with a casino. These fall under the jurisdiction of the province or territory without reference to the federal government; in practice, all Canadian provinces operate gaming boards that oversee lotteries, casinos and [[video lottery terminal]]s under their jurisdiction.
[[Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation|OLG]] piloted a classification system for slot machines at the [[Grand River Raceway]] developed by University of Waterloo professor Kevin Harrigan, as part of its PlaySmart initiative for responsible gambling. Inspired by [[Nutrition facts label|nutrition labels]] on foods, they displayed metrics such as volatility and frequency of payouts.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Guesgen|first=Mirjam|date=2018-09-10|title=Can 'calorie labels' on slot machines promote healthier gambling?|url=https://www.therecord.com/news-story/8892149-can-calorie-labels-on-slot-machines-promote-healthier-gambling-/|url-status=dead|access-date=2019-09-24|website=TheRecord.com|language=en-CA}}</ref> OLG has also deployed electronic gaming machines with pre-determined outcomes based on a bingo or pull-tab game, initially branded as "TapTix", which visually resemble slot machines.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Adler|first=Mike|date=2016-02-17|title=Electronic machines boost bingo business, but raise addiction concerns|url=https://www.toronto.com/news-story/6310503-electronic-machines-boost-bingo-business-but-raise-addiction-concerns/|access-date=2021-05-11|website=Toronto.com|language=en-CA}}</ref>
===Australia===
In Australia "Poker Machines" or "pokies"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://australiannationaldictionary.com.au/index.php | title=Australian National Dictionary: Pokie | publisher=Oxford University Press | access-date=2 October 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101618/http://australiannationaldictionary.com.au/index.php | archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> are officially termed "gaming machines". In Australia, gaming machines are a matter for state governments, so laws vary between states. Gaming machines are found in casinos (approximately one in each major city), [[pub]]s and clubs in some states (usually sports, social, or [[Returned and Services League of Australia|RSL]] clubs). The first Australian state to legalize this style of gambling was [[New South Wales]], when in 1956 they were made legal in all registered clubs in the state. There are suggestions that the proliferation of poker machines has led to increased levels of [[problem gambling]]; however, the precise nature of this link is still open to research.<ref>[http://www.pc.gov.au/inquiry/gambling/finalreport/index.html PC.gov.au] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819030433/http://www.pc.gov.au/inquiry/gambling/finalreport/index.html |date=2006-08-19 }}, see Chapter 8, Productivity Commission Report no. 10</ref>
In 1999 the Australian Productivity Commission reported that nearly half Australia's gaming machines were in New South Wales. At the time, 21% of all the gambling machines in the world were operating in Australia and, on a per capita basis, Australia had roughly five times as many gaming machines as the United States. Australia ranks 8th in total number of gaming machines after Japan, U.S.A., Italy, U.K., Spain and Germany. This primarily is because gaming machines have been legal in the state of New South Wales since 1956; over time, the number of machines has grown to 97,103 (at December 2010, including the Australian Capital Territory). By way of comparison, the U.S. State of Nevada, which legalised gaming including slots several decades before N.S.W., had 190,135 slots operating.<ref>{{cite news|title=One pokie for every 110 of us|url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/one-pokie-for-every-110-of-us-20100116-mdf3.html|access-date=28 November 2015|agency=SMH|publisher=Fairfax Media|date=17 January 2010}}</ref>
Revenue from gaming machines in pubs and clubs accounts for more than half of the $4 billion in gambling revenue collected by state governments in fiscal year 2002–03.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
In [[Queensland]], gaming machines in pubs and clubs must provide a return rate of 85%, while machines located in casinos must provide a return rate of 90%.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Most other states have similar provisions. In [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], gaming machines must provide a minimum return rate of 87% (including jackpot contribution), including machines in [[Crown Melbourne|Crown Casino]]. As of December 1, 2007, Victoria banned gaming machines that accepted $100 notes; all gaming machines made since 2003 comply with this rule. This new law also banned machines with an automatic play option. One exception exists in Crown Casino for any player with a VIP loyalty card: they can still insert $100 notes and use an autoplay feature (whereby the machine will automatically play until credit is exhausted or the player intervenes). All gaming machines in Victoria have an information screen accessible to the user by pressing the "i key" button, showing the game rules, paytable, return to player percentage, and the top and bottom five combinations with their odds. These combinations are stated to be played on a minimum bet (usually 1 credit per line, with 1 line or reel played, although some newer machines do not have an option to play 1 line; some machines may only allow maximum lines to be played), excluding feature wins.
[[Western Australia]] has the most restrictive regulations on electronic gaming machines in general, with the [[Crown Perth]] casino resort being the only venue allowed to operate them,<ref name="PokerMachineExclusivity">{{cite web|url=http://www.bignewsnetwork.com/index.php?sid/207941263/scat/c08dd24cec417021/ht/James-Packer-handed-plum-casino-deal-by-West-Australian-government|title=James Packer handed plum casino deal by West Australian government|publisher=Big News Network|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130117232853/http://www.bignewsnetwork.com/index.php?sid/207941263/scat/c08dd24cec417021/ht/James-Packer-handed-plum-casino-deal-by-West-Australian-government|archive-date=17 January 2013|access-date=2012-08-02|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and banning slot machines with spinning reels entirely. This policy had an extensive political history, reaffirmed by the 1974 Royal Commission into Gambling:<ref>Western Australia, Report of the Royal Commission into Gambling (1974), pp. 72–73.</ref>
{{Quote|text=Poker machine playing is a mindless, repetitive and insidious form of gambling which has many undesirable features. It requires no thought, no skill or social contact. The odds are never about winning. Watching people playing the machines over long periods of time, the impressionistic evidence at least is that they are addictive to many people. Historically poker machines have been banned from Western Australia and we consider that, in the public interest, they should stay banned.|sign=|source=}}
While Western Australian gaming machines are similar to the other states', they do not have spinning reels. Therefore, different animations are used in place of the spinning reels in order to display each game result.
[[Nick Xenophon]] was elected on an independent [[No Pokies]] ticket in the [[South Australian Legislative Council]] at the [[1997 South Australian state election]] on 2.9 percent, re-elected at the [[2006 South Australian state election|2006 election]] on 20.5 percent, and elected to the [[Australian Senate]] at the [[2007 Australian federal election|2007 federal election]] on 14.8 percent. Independent candidate [[Andrew Wilkie]], an anti-pokies campaigner, was elected to the [[Australian House of Representatives]] seat of [[Division of Denison|Denison]] at the [[2010 Australian federal election|2010 federal election]]. Wilkie was one of four crossbenchers who supported the [[Julia Gillard|Gillard]] [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] government following the [[hung parliament]] result. Wilkie immediately began forging ties with Xenophon as soon as it was apparent that he was elected. In exchange for Wilkie's support, the Labor government are attempting to implement [[precommitment]] technology for high-bet/high-intensity poker machines, against opposition from the [[Tony Abbott]] [[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]] and Clubs Australia.
During the [[COVID-19]] pandemic of 2020, every establishment in the country that facilitated poker machines was shut down, in an attempt to curb the spread of the virus, bringing Australia's usage of poker machines effectively to zero.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theage.com.au/sport/afl/afl-clubs-to-face-double-hit-with-pokies-downturn-20200316-p54am3.html|title = AFL clubs to face 'double hit' with pokies downturn|date = 16 March 2020}}</ref>
=== Russia ===
In Russia, "slot clubs" appeared quite late, only in 1992. Before 1992, slot machines were only in casinos and small shops, but later slot clubs began appearing all over the country. The most popular and numerous were "Vulcan 777" and "Taj Mahal". Since 2009 when gambling establishments were banned, almost all slot clubs disappeared and are found only in a specially authorized gambling zones.
===United Kingdom=== <!-- [[Fixed odds betting terminal]] links here. -->
[[Image:Old fruit machines in Teignmouth 10-08-06.jpg|thumb|right|Row of old fruit machines in Teignmouth Pier, Devon]]
[[Image:Slot machines at Wookey Hole Caves.JPG|thumb|right|One armed bandits at [[Wookey Hole Caves]]]]
Slot machines are covered by the [[Gambling Act 2005]], which superseded the [[Gaming Act 1968]].<ref name=GamingAct>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2005/20052776.htm|title=Gaming Act 2005|year=2005|publisher=[[The Stationery Office]]|access-date=2 November 2009}}</ref>
Slot machines in the U.K. are categorised by definitions produced by the [[Gambling Commission]] as part of the Gambling Act of 2005.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Machine category
! Maximum stake (from January 2014)
! Maximum prize (from January 2014)
|-
|A
|Unlimited
|Unlimited
|-
|B1
|£5
|£10,000 or if the game has a progressive jackpot that can be £20,000
|-
|B2
|£100 (in multiples of £10)
|£500
|-
|B3
|£2
|£500
|-
|B3A
|£1
|£500
|-
|B4
|£2
|£400
|-
|C
|£1
|£100 or £200 If jackpot is repeated
|-
|D (various)
|10p to £8
|£8 cash or £50 non-cash
|}
Casinos built under the provisions of the 1968 Act are allowed to house either up to twenty machines of categories B–D or any number of C–D machines. As defined by the 2005 Act, large casinos can have a maximum of one hundred and fifty machines in any combination of categories B–D (subject to a machine-to-table ratio of 5:1); small casinos can have a maximum of eighty machines in any combination of categories B–D (subject to a machine-to-table ratio of 2:1).
====Category A====
Category A games were defined in preparation for the planned "[[Regional casino|Super Casinos]]". Despite a lengthy bidding process with [[Manchester]] being chosen as the single planned location, the development was cancelled soon after [[Gordon Brown]] became [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]. As a result, there are no lawful Category A games in the U.K.
====Category B====
Category B games are divided into subcategories. The differences between B1, B3 and B4 games are mainly the stake and prizes as defined in the above table. Category B2 games – [[Fixed odds betting terminal]]s (FOBTs) – have quite different stake and prize rules: FOBTs are mainly found in licensed [[betting shop]]s, or bookmakers, usually in the form of electronic [[roulette]].
The games are based on a [[random number generation|random number generator]]; thus each game's probability of getting the jackpot is independent of any other game: probabilities are all equal. If a [[pseudorandom number generator]] is used instead of a truly random one, probabilities are not independent since each number is determined at least in part by the one generated before it.
====Category C====
Category C games are often referred to as '''fruit machines''', '''one-armed bandits''' and '''AWP''' ([[amusement with prize]]). Fruit machines are commonly found in [[pub]]s, [[Nightclub|club]]s, and [[video arcade|arcade]]s. Machines commonly have three but can be found with four or five reels, each with 16–24 symbols printed around them. The reels are spun each play, from which the appearance of particular combinations of symbols result in payment of their associated winnings by the machine (or alternatively initiation of a subgame). These games often have many extra features, trails and subgames with opportunities to win money; usually more than can be won from just the payouts on the reel combinations.
Fruit machines in the U.K. almost universally have the following features, generally selected at random using a [[pseudorandom number generator]]:
* A player (known in the industry as a ''punter'') may be given the opportunity to ''hold'' one or more reels before spinning, meaning they will not be spun but instead retain their displayed symbols yet otherwise count normally for that play. This can sometimes increase the chance of winning, especially if two or more reels are held.
* A player may also be given a number of ''nudges'' following a spin (or, in some machines, as a result in a subgame). A nudge is a step rotation of a reel chosen by the player (the machine may not allow all reels to be nudged for a particular play).
* ''Cheats'' can also be made available on the internet or through emailed newsletters to subscribers. These cheats give the player the impression of an advantage, whereas in reality the payout percentage remains exactly the same. The most widely used cheat is known as '''hold after a nudge''' and increases the chance that the player will win following an unsuccessful nudge. Machines from the early 1990s did not advertise the concept of '''hold after a nudge''' when this feature was first introduced, it became so well known amongst players and widespread amongst new machine releases that it is now well-advertised on the machine during play. This is characterized by messages on the display such as ''DON'T HOLD ANY'' or ''LET 'EM SPIN'' and is a designed feature of the machine, not a cheat at all. Holding the same pair three times on three consecutive spins also gives a guaranteed win on most machines that offer holds.
It is known for machines to pay out multiple jackpots, one after the other (this is known as a '''streak''' or '''rave''') but each jackpot requires a new game to be played so as not to violate the law about the maximum payout on a single play. Typically this involves the player only pressing the Start button for which a single credit is taken, regardless of whether this causes the reels to spin or not. The minimum payout percentage is 70%, with pubs often setting the payout at around 78%.
===Japan===
{{See|Pachinko}}
Japanese slot machines, known as {{nihongo|'''pachisuro'''|[[:ja:パチスロ|パチスロ]]}} or '''pachislot''' from the words "pachinko" and "slot machine", are a descendant of the traditional Japanese [[pachinko]] game. Slot machines are a fairly new phenomenon and they can be found mostly in pachinko parlors and the adult sections of [[Video arcade|amusement arcade]]s, known as game centers.
The machines are regulated with [[integrated circuit]]s, and have six different levels changing the odds of a [[777 (number)#Gambling and luck|777]]. The levels provide a rough outcome of between 90% to 160% (200% for skilled players). Japanese slot machines are "beatable". Parlor operators naturally set most machines to simply collect money, but intentionally place a few paying machines on the floor so that there will be at least someone winning,{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} encouraging players on the losing machines to keep gambling, using the psychology of the [[gambler's fallacy]].
Despite the many varieties of pachislot machines, there are certain rules and regulations put forward by the {{nihongo|Security Electronics and Communication Technology Association|[[:ja:保安電子通信技術協会|保安電子通信技術協会]]}}, an affiliate of the [[National Police Agency (Japan)|National Police Agency]]. For example, there must be three reels. All reels must be accompanied by buttons which allow players to manually stop them, reels may not spin faster than 80 RPM, and reels must stop within 0.19 seconds of a button press. In practice, this means that machines cannot let reels slip more than 4 symbols. Other rules include a 15 coin payout cap, a 50 credit cap on machines, a 3 coin maximum bet, and other such regulations.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}
Although a 15 coin payout may seem quite low, regulations allow "Big Bonus" (c. 400–711 coins) and "Regular Bonus" modes (c. 110 coins) where these 15 coin payouts occur nearly continuously until the bonus mode is finished. While the machine is in bonus mode, the player is entertained with special winning scenes on the LCD display, and energizing music is heard, payout after payout.
Three other unique features of Pachisuro machines are "stock", "renchan", and {{Nihongo|''tenjō''|天井}}. On many machines, when enough money to afford a bonus is taken in, the bonus is not immediately awarded. Typically the game merely stops making the reels slip off the bonus symbols for a few games. If the player fails to hit the bonus during these "standby games", it is added to the "stock" for later collection. Many current games, after finishing a bonus round, set the probability to release additional stock (gained from earlier players failing to get a bonus last time the machine stopped making the reels slip for a bit) very high for the first few games. As a result, a lucky player may get to play several bonus rounds in a row (a "renchan"), making payouts of 5,000 or even 10,000 coins possible. The lure of "stock" waiting in the machine, and the possibility of "renchan" tease the gambler to keep feeding the machine. To tease them further, there is a ''tenjō'' (ceiling), a maximum limit on the number of games between "stock" release. For example, if the ''tenjō'' is 1,500, and the number of games played since the last bonus is 1,490, the player is guaranteed to release a bonus within just 10 games.
Because of the "stock", "renchan", and ''tenjō'' systems, it is possible to make money by simply playing machines on which someone has just lost a huge amount of money. This is called being a "[[hyena]]". They are easy to recognize, roaming the aisles for a "kamo" ("[[Gullibility|sucker]]" in English) to leave his machine.
In short, the regulations allowing "stock", "renchan", and ''tenjō'' transformed the pachisuro from a low-stakes form of entertainment just a few years back to hardcore gambling. [[Problem gambling|Many people may be gambling more than they can afford]], and the big payouts also lure unsavory "hyena" types into the gambling halls.
To address these social issues, a new regulation (Version 5.0) was adopted in 2006 which caps the maximum amount of "stock" a machine can hold to around 2,000–3,000 coins' worth of bonus games. Moreover, all pachisuro machines must be re-evaluated for regulation compliance every three years. Version 4.0 came out in 2004, so that means all those machines with the up to 10,000 coin payouts will be removed from service by 2007.
==Jackpot disputes==
{{incomplete list|date=September 2021}}
Electronic slot machines can malfunction. When the displayed amount is smaller than the one it is supposed to be, the error usually goes unnoticed. When it happens the other way, disputes are likely.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/woman-sues-isle-after-she-s-denied-million-from-slot/article_411d78f2-28a0-5e0a-bc16-73e8c79fc3b7.html|title=Woman sues Isle after she's denied $42 million from slot malfunction|author=Jeff Reinitz|work=Waterloo Cedar Falls Courier}}</ref> Below are some notable arguments caused by the owners of the machines saying that the displayed amounts were far larger than the ones patrons should get.
===United States of America===
Two such cases occurred in casinos in Colorado in 2010, where [[Software bug|software errors]] led to indicated jackpots of $11 million and $42 million.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} Analysis of machine records by the state Gaming Commission revealed faults, with the true jackpot being substantially smaller.<ref>[https://spectrum.ieee.org/riskfactor/computing/software/woman-who-thought-she-won-42-million-at-casino-gets-2018 Woman Who Thought She Won $42 Million At Casino Gets $20.18 Instead ''IEEE Spectrum'' 25 May 2010 ]</ref> State gaming laws did not require a casino to honour payouts in that case.
===Vietnam===
On October 25, 2009, while a Vietnamese American man, Ly Sam, was playing a slot machine in the Palazzo Club at the Sheraton Saigon Hotel in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, it displayed that he had hit a jackpot of US$55,542,296.73.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-02-15|title=Man sues hotel over $55.5 mil in prize money|url=http://www.thanhniennews.com/society/man-sues-hotel-over-555-mil-in-prize-money-13284.html|access-date=2021-09-01|website=ThanhNien News}}</ref> The casino refused to pay, saying it was a machine error, Mr Ly sued the casino.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-06-26|title=US $55.5 million jackpot lawsuit delayed|work=ThanhNien News|url=http://m.thanhniennews.com/society/us-555-million-jackpot-lawsuit-delayed-6674.html|access-date=2021-09-01}}</ref> On January 7, 2013, the District 1 People's Court in Ho Chi Minh City decided that the casino had to pay the amount Mr Ly claimed in full, not trusting the error report from an inspection company hired by the casino.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-12-12|title=Vietnamese-American's suit to claim $55.5 mln jackpot at Sheraton casino to go to trial|url=http://www.thanhniennews.com/society/vietnameseamericans-suit-to-claim-555-mln-jackpot-at-sheraton-casino-to-go-to-trial-4163.html|access-date=2021-09-01|website=ThanhNien News}}</ref> Both sides appealed thereafter, and Mr Ly asked for interest while the casino refused to pay him.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-01-12|title=Vietnamese American wins $55 mil casino jackpot case|url=http://www.thanhniennews.com/society/vietnamese-american-wins-55-mil-casino-jackpot-case-3878.html|access-date=2021-09-01|website=ThanhNien News}}</ref> In January, 2014, the news reported that the case had been settled out of court, and Mr Ly had received an undisclosed sum.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-01-05|title=Vietnamese American drops lawsuit over $55 mln jackpot|url=http://www.thanhniennews.com/society/vietnamese-american-drops-lawsuit-over-55-mln-jackpot-162.html|access-date=2021-09-01|website=ThanhNien News}}</ref>
==Problem gambling and slot machines==
[[File:Mills Novelty Co. Horse Head Bonus Antique Slot Machine.jpg|thumb|Mills Novelty Co. Horse Head Bonus antique slot machine]]
Natasha Dow Schüll, associate professor in [[New York University]]'s Department of Media, Culture and Communication, uses the term "machine zone" to describe the state of immersion that users of slot machines experience when gambling, where they lose a sense of time, space, bodily awareness, and monetary value.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schüll|first=Natasha|title=Addiction by Design: Machine Gambling in Las Vegas|location=Princeton, N.J.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-69-116088-7|oclc=866583433}}</ref>
Mike Dixon, PhD, professor of psychology at the [[University of Waterloo]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uwaterloo.ca/psychology/people-profiles/mike-j-dixon|title=Mike J. Dixon|work= Website of the Department of Psychology|publisher=University of Waterloo|date=2013-04-04}}</ref> studies the relationship between slot players and machines. In one of Dixon's studies, players were observed experiencing heightened arousal from the [[Stimulus (physiology)|sensory stimulus]] coming from the machines. They "sought to show that these 'losses disguised as wins' (LDWs) would be as arousing as wins, and more arousing than regular losses."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dixon|first1=Mike J.|last2=Harrigan|first2=Kevin A.|last3=Sandhu|first3=Rajwant|last4=Collins|first4=Karen|last5=Fugelsang|first5=Jonathan A.|date=October 2010|title=Losses disguised as wins in modern multi-line video slot machines: Losses disguised as wins|journal=Addiction|volume=105|issue=10|pages=1819–1824|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03050.x|pmid=20712818}}</ref>
Psychologists Robert Breen and Marc Zimmerman<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Breen|first1=Robert B|first2=M.|last2=Zimmerman|year=2002|title=Rapid Onset of Pathological Gambling in Machine Gamblers|journal=Journal of Gambling Studies|volume=18|issue=1|pages=31–43|doi=10.1023/A:1014580112648|pmid=12050846|s2cid=10700182}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Breen|first1=Robert B|year=2004|title=Rapid Onset of Pathological Gambling in Machine Gamblers: A Replication|journal=ECommunity: The International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction|volume=2|issue=1|pages=44–49}}</ref> found that players of video slot machines reach a debilitating level of involvement with gambling three times as rapidly as those who play traditional casino games, even if they have engaged in other forms of gambling without problems.
Eye-tracking research in local bookkeepers' offices in the UK suggested that, in slots games, the reels dominated players' visual attention, and that problem gamblers looked more frequently at amount-won messages than did those without gambling problems.<ref>Rogers, R. D., Butler, J., Millard, S., Cristino, F., Davitt, L. I., & Leek, E. C. (2018). A scoping investigation of eye-tracking in Electronic Gambling Machine (EGM) play. ''Bangor: Bangor University''. Retrieved from: https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/files/20304339/2018_RGT_Eye_tracking_machines.pdf</ref>
The 2011 ''[[60 Minutes]]'' report "Slot Machines: The Big Gamble"<ref>{{cite episode|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/slot-machines-the-big-gamble-07-01-2011/|access-date=8 May 2011|title=Slot Machines: The Big Gamble|series=60 Minutes|network=CBS|date=7 January 2011}}</ref> focused on the link between slot machines and gambling addiction.
==See also==
*[[Casino]]
*[[EUROMAT|European Gaming & Amusement Federation]]
*[[List of probability topics]]
*[[Pachinko]]
*[[ProblemMasalah gamblingperjudian]]
*[[Progressive jackpot|Jekpot Progresif]]
*[[QuizMesin machinekuis]]
*[[United States state slot machine ownership regulations]]
*[[Video bingo]]
*[[Video lottery terminal]] (VLT)
*[[Video poker]]
==ReferencesReferensi==
{{reflist}}
*Legato, Frank. ''How to Win Millions Playing Slot Machines! ...Or Lose Trying'' (Bonus Books, 2004) {{ISBN|1-56625-216-4}}
==ExternalPranala linksLuar==
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