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== Asal usul nama ==
Pada Agustus 1933, Courier menerbitkan laporan tentang dugaan penampakan Nessie oleh George Spicer. Minat publik semakin meroket, dengan surat yang tak terhitung jumlahnya dikirim dalam rincian penampakan yang berbeda<ref name="Binns33">R. Binns ''The Loch Ness Mystery Solved'' hlm 19–27</ref> menggambarkan "ikan monster," "ular laut," atau "naga",<ref name="DMAug33">''Daily Mirror'', 11 Agustus 1933. "Loch Ness, which is becoming famous as the supposed abode of a dragon..."</ref> dengan nama akhir akhirnya menetap di "'''Monster Loch Ness'''".<ref name=":0">The [[Oxford English Dictionary]] gives 9 June 1933 as the first usage of the exact phrase ''Loch Ness monster''</ref> Sejak tahun 1940-an, makhluk itu telah dipanggil dengan sebutan '''Nessie''' ({{lang-gd|Niseag}}).<ref name=Morag28>Campbell, Elizabeth Montgomery & David Solomon, ''The Search for Morag'' (Tom Stacey, 1972) {{ISBN|0-85468-093-4}}, halaman 28 menuliskan kata ''an-t-Seileag'', ''an-Niseag'', ''a-Mhorag'' untuk monster Lochs Shiel, Ness dan Morag, menambahkan bahwa mereka sedikit feninin</ref><ref name="edinburghsc>{{cite news|date=14 Mei 1945|title=Up Again|page=1|work=Edinburgh Scotsman|quote=So "Nessie" is at her tricks again. After a long, she has by all accounts bobbed up in home waters...}}</ref>
==History==
===Saint Columba (565)===
The earliest report of a monster in the vicinity of Loch Ness appears in the ''Life of St. Columba'' by [[Adomnán]], written in the sixth century AD.<ref name=Carruth>J. A Carruth ''Loch Ness and its Monster'', (1950) Abbey Press, Fort Augustus, cited by Tim Dinsdale (1961) ''Loch Ness Monster'' pp. 33–35</ref> According to Adomnán, writing about a century after the events described, Irish monk [[Columba|Saint Columba]] was staying in the land of the [[Picts]] with his companions when he encountered local residents burying a man by the [[River Ness]]. They explained that the man was swimming in the river when he was attacked by a "water beast" that mauled him and dragged him underwater despite their attempts to rescue him by boat. Columba sent a follower, Luigne moccu Min, to swim across the river. The beast approached him, but Columba made the [[sign of the cross]] and said: "Go no further. Do not touch the man. Go back at once."<ref name="Adomnan176">Adomnán, p. 176 (II:27).</ref> The creature stopped as if it had been "pulled back with ropes" and fled, and Columba's men and the Picts gave thanks for what they perceived as a miracle.<ref name="Adomnan176"/>
Believers in the monster point to this story, set in the River Ness rather than the loch itself, as evidence for the creature's existence as early as the sixth century.<ref name="Adomnan330">Adomnán p. 330.</ref> Skeptics question the narrative's reliability, noting that water-beast stories were extremely common in medieval [[hagiography|hagiographies]], and Adomnán's tale probably recycles a common motif attached to a local landmark.<ref name=BinnsColumba>R. Binns ''The Loch Ness Mystery Solved'', pp. 52–57</ref> According to skeptics, Adomnán's story may be independent of the modern Loch Ness Monster legend and became attached to it by believers seeking to bolster their claims.<ref name="Adomnan330"/> Ronald Binns considers that this is the most serious of various alleged early sightings of the monster, but all other claimed sightings before 1933 are dubious and do not prove a monster tradition before that date.<ref name="Binns">R. Binns ''The Loch Ness Mystery Solved'' pp. 11–12</ref> Christopher Cairney uses a specific historical and cultural analysis of Adomnán to separate Adomnán's story about St. Columba from the modern myth of the Loch Ness Monster, but finds an earlier and culturally significant use of Celtic "water beast" folklore along the way. In doing so he also discredits any strong connection between [[kelpie]]s or water-horses and the modern "media-augmented" creation of the Loch Ness Monster. He also concludes that the story of Saint Columba may have been impacted by earlier Irish myths about the Caoránach and an [[Oilliphéist]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bro |first1=Lisa |last2=O'Leary-Davidson |first2=Crystal |last3=Gareis |first3=Mary Ann |title=Monsters of Film, Fiction and Fable, the Cultural Links Between the Human and Inhuman |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=9781527510890 |pages=377–399}}</ref>
==={{anchor|D. Mackenzie (c. 1871 or 72)}}D. Mackenzie (1871 or 1872)===
In October 1871 (or 1872), D. Mackenzie of [[Balnain]] reportedly saw an object resembling a log or an upturned boat "wriggling and churning up the water," moving slowly at first before disappearing at a faster speed.<ref name="Mackal"/><ref name="Mammoth"/> The account was not published until 1934, when Mackenzie sent his story in a letter to [[Rupert Gould]] shortly after popular interest in the monster increased.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|last=Bignell|first=Paul|date=14 April 2013|title=Monster mania on Nessie's anniversary|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/monster-mania-on-nessies-anniversary-8572148.html|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Mammoth"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Searle|first=Maddy|date=February 3, 2017|title=Adrian Shine on making sense of the Loch Ness monster legend|newspaper=[[The Scotsman]]|url=https://www.scotsman.com/200voices/cultural-icons/adrian-shine-making-sense-loch-ness-monster-legend/|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="Williams2015">{{cite book|author=Gareth Williams|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zQ6CQAAQBAJ&pg=PR105|title=A Monstrous Commotion: The Mysteries of Loch Ness|date=12 November 2015|publisher=Orion Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4091-5875-2|page=105}}</ref>
===Alexander Macdonald (1888)===
In 1888, mason Alexander Macdonald of [[Abriachan]]<ref name="Gould"/> sighted "a large stubby-legged animal" surfacing from the loch and propelling itself within fifty yards of the shore where Macdonald stood.<ref name="Loch Ness Delrio">{{cite book|last=Delrio|first=Martin|title=The Loch Ness Monster|year=2002|publisher=Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=0-8239-3564-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/lochnessmonster0000delr/page/48 48]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/lochnessmonster0000delr/page/48}}</ref> Macdonald reported his sighting to Loch Ness [[water bailiff]] Alex Campbell, and described the creature as looking like a [[salamander]].<ref name="Gould"/>
=== Aldie Mackay (1933) ===
The best-known article that first attracted a great deal of attention about a creature was published on 2 May 1933 in ''[[The Inverness Courier|Inverness Courier]]'', about a large "beast" or "whale-like fish". The article by Alex Campbell, water bailiff for Loch Ness and a part-time journalist,{{cn|date=August 2021}} discussed a sighting by Aldie Mackay of an enormous creature with the body of a whale rolling in the water in the loch while she and her husband John were driving on the A82 on 15 April 1933. The word "monster" was reportedly applied for the first time in Campbell's article, although some reports claim that it was coined by editor Evan Barron.<ref name="Binns" /><ref name="monster1933">''Inverness Courier'' 2 May 1933 "Loch Ness has for generations been credited with being the home of a fearsome-looking monster"</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Campbell|first=Steuart|date=14 April 2013|title=Say goodbye to Loch Ness mystery|newspaper=The Scotsman|url=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle-2-15039/steuart-campbell-say-goodbye-to-loch-ness-mystery-1-2893334|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref>
''The Courier'' in 2017 published excerpts from the Campbell article, which had been titled "Strange Spectacle in Loch Ness".<ref>https://www.inverness-courier.co.uk/news/report-of-strange-spectacle-on-loch-ness-in-1933-leaves-unanswered-question-what-was-it-139582/, Report of strange spectacle on Loch Ness in 1933 leaves unanswered question - what was it?</ref><blockquote> "The creature disported itself, rolling and plunging for fully a minute, its body resembling that of a whale, and the water cascading and churning like a simmering cauldron. Soon, however, it disappeared in a boiling mass of foam. Both onlookers confessed that there was something uncanny about the whole thing, for they realised that here was no ordinary denizen of the depths, because, apart from its enormous size, the beast, in taking the final plunge, sent out waves that were big enough to have been caused by a passing steamer."</blockquote>
According to a 2013 article,<ref name="auto" /> Mackay said that she had yelled, "Stop! The Beast!" when viewing the spectacle. In the late 1980s, a naturalist interviewed Aldie Mackay and she admitted to knowing that there had been an oral tradition of a "beast" in the loch well before her claimed sighting.<ref name="auto" /> Alex Campbell's 1933 article also stated that "Loch Ness has for generations been credited with being the home of a fearsome-looking monster".<ref>{{cite news|last=Hoare|first=Philip|date=2 May 2013|title=Has the internet killed the Loch Ness monster?|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/may/02/internet-killed-loch-ness-monster|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref>
===George Spicer (1933)===
Modern interest in the monster was sparked by a sighting on 22 July 1933, when George Spicer and his wife saw "a most extraordinary form of animal" cross the road in front of their car.<ref name="CourierSpicer">{{cite news|date=4 August 1933|title=Is this the Loch Ness Monster?|newspaper=Inverness Courier}}</ref> They described the creature as having a large body (about {{convert|4|ft|1}} high and {{convert|25|ft|0}} long) and a long, wavy, narrow neck, slightly thicker than an elephant's trunk and as long as the {{convert|10|-|12|ft|adj=on|0}} width of the road. They saw no limbs.<ref name="Spicer">T. Dinsdale (1961) ''Loch Ness Monster'' page 42.</ref> It lurched across the road toward the loch {{convert|20|yd|m|-1}} away, leaving a trail of broken undergrowth in its wake.<ref name="Spicer" /> Spicer described it as "the nearest approach to a dragon or pre-historic animal that I have ever seen in my life,"<ref name="CourierSpicer" /> and as having "a long neck, which moved up and down in the manner of a scenic railway."<ref name=":1">https://www.scotsman.com/interactive/are-hunters-closing-in-on-the-loch-ness-monster#main-page-section-1, ARE HUNTERS CLOSING IN ON THE LOCH NESS MONSTER?</ref> It had "an animal" in its mouth<ref name="CourierSpicer" /> and had a body that "was fairly big, with a high back, but if there were any feet they must have been of the web kind, and as for a tail I cannot say, as it moved so rapidly, and when we got to the spot it had probably disappeared into the loch."<ref name=":1" />
On 4 August 1933 the ''Courier'' published a report of Spicer's sighting. This sighting triggered a massive amount of public interest and an uptick in alleged sightings, leading to the solidification of the actual name "Loch Ness Monster."<ref name=":0" />
It has been claimed that sightings of the monster increased after a road was built along the loch in early 1933, bringing workers and tourists to the formerly isolated area.<ref>R. Mackal (1976) "The Monsters of Loch Ness" page 85.</ref> However, Binns has described this as "the myth of the lonely loch", as it was far from isolated before then, due to the construction of the [[Caledonian Canal]]. In the 1930s, the existing road by the side of the loch was given a serious upgrade.<ref name="Binns" />
===Hugh Gray (1933)===
Hugh Gray's photograph taken near [[Foyers]] on 12 November 1933 was the first photograph alleged to depict the monster. It was slightly blurred, and it has been noted that if one looks closely the head of a dog can be seen. Gray had taken his [[Labrador Retriever|Labrador]] for a walk that day and it is suspected that the photograph depicts his dog fetching a stick from the loch.<ref>[[Daniel Loxton|Loxton, Daniel]]; [[Donald Prothero|Prothero, Donald]]. (2015). ''Abominable Science! Origins of the Yeti, Nessie, and Other Famous Cryptids''. [[Columbia University Press]]. pp. 142–144. {{ISBN|978-0-231-15321-8}}</ref> Others have suggested that the photograph depicts an [[Eurasian otter|otter]] or a [[swan]]. The original [[Negative (photography)|negative]] was lost. However, in 1963, [[Maurice Burton]] came into "possession of two lantern slides, contact positives from th[e] original negative" and when projected onto a screen they revealed an "otter rolling at the surface in characteristic fashion."<ref>[[Maurice Burton|Burton, Maurice]]. ''A Ring of bright water?'' ''[[New Scientist]]''. 24 June 1982. p. 872</ref>
===Arthur Grant (1934)===
[[File:Arthur Grant loch ness sketch.png|thumb|Sketch of the Arthur Grant sighting.]]
On 5 January 1934 a motorcyclist, Arthur Grant, claimed to have nearly hit the creature while approaching [[Abriachan]] (near the north-eastern end of the loch) at about 1 a.m. on a moonlit night.<ref>[[Steuart Campbell|Campbell, Steuart]]. (1997). ''The Loch Ness Monster: The Evidence''. Prometheus Books. p. 33. {{ISBN|978-1573921787}}</ref> According to Grant, it had a small head attached to a long neck; the creature saw him, and crossed the road back to the loch. Grant, a veterinary student, described it as a cross between a seal and a plesiosaur. He said he dismounted and followed it to the loch, but saw only ripples.<ref name="Gould">{{cite book|title=The Loch Ness Monster and Others |last=Gould |first=Rupert T. |place=London |publisher=Geoffrey Bles |year=1934}}</ref><ref name=GrantTD>Tim Dinsdale ''Loch Ness Monster'' pp. 44–5</ref>
Grant produced a sketch of the creature that was examined by zoologist [[Maurice Burton]], who stated it was consistent with the appearance and behavior of an otter.<ref>[[Maurice Burton|Burton, Maurice]]. ''A Fast Moving, Agile Beastie''. ''[[New Scientist]]''. 1 July 1982. p. 41.</ref> Regarding the long size of the creature reported by Grant; it has been suggested that this was a faulty observation due to the poor light conditions.<ref>[[Maurice Burton|Burton, Maurice]]. (1961). ''Loch Ness Monster: A Burst Bubble?'' ''[[The Illustrated London News]]''. May, 27. p. 896</ref> Paleontologist [[Darren Naish]] has suggested that Grant may have seen either an otter or a [[Pinniped|seal]] and exaggerated his sighting over time.<ref>[[Darren Naish|Naish, Darren]]. (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mN2oCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT77&dq=%22arthur+grant%22+seal&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj5-ujUlfzTAhUjLcAKHflzAoE4ChC7BQg1MAM#v=onepage&q=%22arthur%20grant%22%20seal&f=false "Hunting Monsters: Cryptozoology and the Reality Behind the Myths"]. Arcturus.</ref>
==={{anchor|"Surgeon's Photograph" (1934)|Surgeon's photograph}}"Surgeon's photograph" (1934)===
The "surgeon's photograph" is reportedly the first photo of the creature's head and neck.<ref>R. P. Mackal (1976) ''The Monsters of Loch Ness'' page 208</ref> Supposedly taken by [[Robert Kenneth Wilson]], a London [[gynaecology|gynaecologist]], it was published in the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' on 21 April 1934. Wilson's refusal to have his name associated with it led to it being known as the "surgeon's photograph".<ref name="museumofhoaxes_nessie" /> According to Wilson, he was looking at the loch when he saw the monster, grabbed his camera and snapped four photos. Only two exposures came out clearly; the first reportedly shows a small head and back, and the second shows a similar head in a diving position. The first photo became well known, and the second attracted little publicity because of its blurriness.
For 60 years the photo was considered evidence of the monster's existence, although skeptics dismissed it as driftwood,<ref name="Mammoth"/> an elephant,<ref name="Fresh"/> an otter or a bird. The photo's scale was controversial; it is often shown cropped (making the creature seem large and the ripples like waves), while the uncropped shot shows the other end of the loch and the monster in the centre. The ripples in the photo were found to fit the size and pattern of small ripples, rather than large waves photographed up close. Analysis of the original image fostered further doubt. In 1993, the makers of the [[Discovery, Inc.|Discovery Communications]] documentary ''Loch Ness Discovered'' analyzed the uncropped image and found a white object visible in every version of the photo (implying that it was on the negative). It was believed to be the cause of the ripples, as if the object was being towed, although the possibility of a blemish on the negative could not be ruled out. An analysis of the full photograph indicated that the object was small, about {{convert|60|to|90|cm|ft|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="museumofhoaxes_nessie"/>
Since 1994, most agree that the photo was an elaborate [[hoax]].<ref name="museumofhoaxes_nessie">{{cite web|url=http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/nessie.html |title=The Loch Ness Monster and the Surgeon's Photo |publisher=Museumofhoaxes.com |access-date=28 May 2009}}</ref> It had been described as fake in a 7 December 1975 ''[[The Sunday Telegraph|Sunday Telegraph]]'' article that fell into obscurity.<ref>[http://www.strangemag.com/strangemag/strange21/reviews21/surgeonsphoto21.html Book review of Nessie – The Surgeon's Photograph – Exposed] Douglas Chapman.</ref> Details of how the photo was taken were published in the 1999 book, ''Nessie – the Surgeon's Photograph Exposed'', which contains a facsimile of the 1975 ''Sunday Telegraph'' article.<ref>David S. Martin & Alastair Boyd (1999) ''Nessie – the Surgeon's Photograph Exposed'' (East Barnet: Martin and Boyd). {{ISBN|0-9535708-0-0}}</ref> The creature was reportedly a toy submarine built by Christian Spurling, the son-in-law of [[M. A. Wetherell|Marmaduke Wetherell]]. Wetherell had been publicly ridiculed by his employer, the ''Daily Mail'', after he found "Nessie footprints" that turned out to be a hoax. To get revenge on the ''Mail'', Wetherell perpetrated his hoax with co-conspirators Spurling (sculpture specialist), Ian Wetherell (his son, who bought the material for the fake), and Maurice Chambers (an insurance agent).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unmuseum.org/nesshoax.htm |title=Loch Ness Hoax Photo |publisher=The UnMuseum |access-date=28 May 2009}}</ref> The toy submarine was bought from [[F. W. Woolworth Company|F. W. Woolworths]], and its head and neck were made from [[wood putty]]. After testing it in a local pond the group went to Loch Ness, where Ian Wetherell took the photos near the Altsaigh Tea House. When they heard a [[water bailiff]] approaching, Duke Wetherell sank the model with his foot and it is "presumably still somewhere in Loch Ness".<ref name="Mammoth">''The Mammoth Encyclopedia of the Unsolved''</ref> Chambers gave the photographic plates to Wilson, a friend of his who enjoyed "a good practical joke". Wilson brought the plates to Ogston's, an Inverness chemist, and gave them to George Morrison for development. He sold the first photo to the ''Daily Mail'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.yowieocalypse.com/Nessies_Secret_Revealed/|title=Nessie's Secret Revealed|work=yowieocalypse.com}}</ref> who then announced that the monster had been photographed.<ref name="Mammoth"/>
Little is known of the second photo; it is often ignored by researchers, who believe its quality too poor and its differences from the first photo too great to warrant analysis. It shows a head similar to the first photo, with a more turbulent wave pattern and possibly taken at a different time and location in the loch. Some believe it to be an earlier, cruder attempt at a hoax,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loch-ness.com/surfacepictures.html|title=Loch Ness Monster Surface Photographs. Pictures of Nessie taken by Monster Hunters and Loch Ness Researchers|author=Tony Harmsworth|work=loch-ness.com}}</ref> and others (including [[Roy Mackal]] and Maurice Burton) consider it a picture of a diving bird or otter that Wilson mistook for the monster.<ref name="Mackal">Mackal, Roy. ''The Monsters of Loch Ness''.</ref> According to Morrison, when the plates were developed Wilson was uninterested in the second photo; he allowed Morrison to keep the negative, and the photo was rediscovered years later.<ref>''The Loch Ness Story'', revised edition, Penguin Books, 1975, pp. 44–45</ref> When asked about the second photo by the ''Ness Information Service Newsletter'', Spurling " ... was vague, thought it might have been a piece of wood they were trying out as a monster, but [was] not sure."<ref>''Ness Information Service Newsletter'', 1991 issue</ref>
===Taylor film (1938)===
On 29 May 1938, South African tourist G. E. Taylor filmed something in the loch for three minutes on 16 mm colour film. The film was obtained by [[popular science]] writer [[Maurice Burton]], who did not show it to other researchers. A single frame was published in his 1961 book, ''The Elusive Monster''. His analysis concluded it was a floating object, not an animal.<ref>[[Maurice Burton|Burton, Maurice]]. (1961). ''The Elusive Monster: An Analysis of the Evidence From Loch Ness''. Hart-Davis. pp. 83–84</ref>
==={{anchor|Chief Constable William Fraser (1938)}}William Fraser (1938)===
On 15 August 1938, William Fraser, [[chief constable]] of [[Inverness-shire]], wrote a letter that the monster existed beyond doubt and expressed concern about a hunting party that had arrived (with a custom-made harpoon gun) determined to catch the monster "dead or alive". He believed his power to protect the monster from the hunters was "very doubtful". The letter was released by the [[National Archives of Scotland]] on 27 April 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/oukoe-uk-scotland-lochness-monster-idUKTRE63Q1ZQ20100427|title=Loch Ness Monster is real, says policeman |publisher=reuters |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=28 April 2010 |first=Paul |last=Casciato}}</ref><ref name="Police chief William Fraser demanded">{{cite web|title=Police chief William Fraser demanded protection for Loch Ness Monster|url=http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/world/police-chief-william-fraser-demanded-protection-for-loch-ness-monster/story-e6frg1p3-1225859084997|work=Perth Now|date=27 April 2010|access-date=7 February 2012}}</ref>
==={{anchor|Sonar contact (1954)}}Sonar readings (1954)===
In December 1954, sonar readings were taken by the fishing boat ''Rival III''. Its crew noted a large object keeping pace with the vessel at a depth of {{convert|146|m|0}}. It was detected for {{convert|800|m|abbr=on}} before contact was lost and regained.<ref name="sansilike_search">{{cite web|url=http://www.sansilke.freeserve.co.uk/nessie/search.html|title=Searching for Nessie|publisher=Sansilke.freeserve.co.uk|access-date=28 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531220500/http://www.sansilke.freeserve.co.uk/nessie/search.html|archive-date=31 May 2009}}</ref> Previous sonar attempts were inconclusive or negative.
===Peter MacNab (1955)===
Peter MacNab at [[Urquhart Castle]] on 29 July 1955 took a photograph that depicted two long black humps in the water. The photograph was not made public until it appeared in Constance Whyte's 1957 book on the subject. On 23 October 1958 it was published by the ''Weekly Scotsman''. Author Ronald Binns wrote that the "phenomenon which MacNab photographed could easily be a wave effect resulting from three trawlers travelling closely together up the loch."<ref>Binns, Ronald. (1983). ''The Loch Ness Mystery Solved''. [[Prometheus Books]]. p. 102</ref>
Other researchers consider the photograph a hoax.<ref>[[Steuart Campbell|Campbell, Steuart]]. (1991). ''The Loch Ness Monster: The Evidence''. Aberdeen University Press. pp. 43–44.</ref> Roy Mackal requested to use the photograph in his 1976 book. He received the original negative from MacNab, but discovered it differed from the photograph that appeared in Whyte's book. The tree at the bottom left in Whyte's was missing from the negative. It is suspected that the photograph was doctored by re-photographing a print.<ref>[http://hoaxes.org/archive/permalink/the_macnab_photograph "The MacNab Photograph"]. The Museum of Hoaxes.</ref>
===Dinsdale film (1960)===
Aeronautical engineer [[Tim Dinsdale]] filmed a hump that left a wake crossing Loch Ness in 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVOyo-OwDYM |title=The Loch Ness Monster |publisher=YouTube |date=19 January 2007 |access-date=8 July 2009}}</ref> Dinsdale, who reportedly had the sighting on his final day of search, described it as reddish with a blotch on its side. He said that when he mounted his camera the object began to move, and he shot 40 feet of film. According to [[Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre|JARIC]], the object was "probably animate".<ref name=filmandvideo>{{cite web|url= http://www.loch-ness.org/filmandvideo.html |title= Loch Ness movie film & Loch Ness video evidence |publisher=Loch-ness.org |access-date=28 April 2010}}</ref>{{third-party inline|reason=Source has apparent conflict of interest.|date=April 2016}} Others were sceptical, saying that the "hump" cannot be ruled out as being a boat<ref>{{cite web|author=Legend of Nessie |url= http://www.nessie.co.uk/nessie/analysis.html |title=Analysis of the Tim Dinsdale film |publisher=Nessie.co.uk |access-date=28 April 2010}}</ref> and when the contrast is increased, a man in a boat can be seen.<ref name=filmandvideo />
In 1993 Discovery Communications produced a documentary, ''Loch Ness Discovered'', with a digital enhancement of the Dinsdale film. A person who enhanced the film noticed a shadow in the negative that was not obvious in the developed film. By enhancing and overlaying frames, he found what appeared to be the rear body of a creature underwater: "Before I saw the film, I thought the Loch Ness Monster was a load of rubbish. Having done the enhancement, I'm not so sure".<ref name=Discovery/>
==="Loch Ness Muppet" (1977)===
On 21 May 1977 [[Anthony "Doc" Shiels]], camping next to Urquhart Castle, took "some of the clearest pictures of the monster until this day".{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} Shiels, a magician and psychic, claimed to have summoned the animal out of the water. He later described it as an "elephant squid", claiming the long neck shown in the photograph is actually the squid's "trunk" and that a white spot at the base of the neck is its eye. Due to the lack of ripples, it has been declared a hoax by a number of people and received its name because of its staged look.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Naish|first1=Darren|title=Photos of the Loch Ness Monster, revisited|url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/2013/07/10/photos-of-the-loch-ness-monster-revisited/|website=Scientific American|access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nessie sightings|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/howaboutthat/10776095/In-pictures-Loch-Ness-Monster-sightings-through-the-years.html?frame=2887222|website=The Telegraph|access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref>
===Holmes video (2007)===
On 26 May 2007, 55-year-old laboratory technician Gordon Holmes videotaped what he said was "this jet black thing, about {{convert|14|m}} long, moving fairly fast in the water."<ref name=Fox/> Adrian Shine, a marine biologist at the Loch Ness 2000 Centre in [[Drumnadrochit]], described the footage as among "the best footage [he had] ever seen."<ref name=Fox>{{cite news|url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,276793,00.html|title= Tourist Says He's Shot Video of Loch Ness Monster |publisher=Fox News |date=1 June 2007 |access-date=28 April 2010|agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> [[BBC Scotland]] broadcast the video on 29 May 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/05/31/britain.lochness.ap/index.html |title=Fabled monster caught on video |date=1 June 2007 |access-date=28 April 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070618230827/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/05/31/britain.lochness.ap/index.html |archive-date = 18 June 2007}}</ref> ''[[STV (TV channel)|STV]] News North Tonight'' aired the footage on 28 May 2007 and interviewed Holmes. Shine was also interviewed, and suggested that the footage was an otter, seal or water bird.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://video.stv.tv/bc/scotland-nessie-20080530-nessie-caught-on-tape/ |title=stv News North Tonight – Loch Ness Monster sighting report and interview with Gordon Holmes – tx 28 May 2007 |publisher=Scotlandontv.tv |access-date=28 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717040727/http://video.stv.tv/bc/scotland-nessie-20080530-nessie-caught-on-tape/ |archive-date=17 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==={{anchor|Sonar image (2011)}}Sonar image (2011)===
On 24 August 2011 Loch Ness boat captain Marcus Atkinson photographed a sonar image of a {{convert|1.5|m|ft|adj=mid|-wide}}, unidentified object that seemed to follow his boat for two minutes at a depth of {{convert|23|m|abbr=on}}, and ruled out the possibility of a small fish or seal. In April 2012, a scientist from the [[National Oceanography Centre]] said that the image is a bloom of [[algae]] and [[zooplankton]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Love |first1=David |title=Does sonar image show the Loch Ness Monster? |url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/sonar-image-show-loch-ness-1119802 |website=Daily Record |access-date=13 August 2021 |language=en |date=21 April 2012}}</ref>
==={{anchor|George Edwards's photograph (2011)}}George Edwards photograph (2011)===
On 3 August 2012, skipper George Edwards claimed that a photo he took on 2 November 2011 shows "Nessie". Edwards claims to have searched for the monster for 26 years, and reportedly spent 60 hours per week on the loch aboard his boat, ''Nessie Hunter IV'', taking tourists for rides on the lake.<ref>{{cite web|last=McLaughlin |first=Erin |url=http://gma.yahoo.com/blogs/abc-blogs/scottish-sailor-claims-best-picture-yet-loch-ness-100057921--abc-news-topstories.html |title=Scottish Sailor Claims To Have Best Picture Yet of Loch Ness Monster | ABC News Blogs – Yahoo! |publisher=Gma.yahoo.com |date=15 August 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> Edwards said, "In my opinion, it probably looks kind of like a manatee, but not a mammal. When people see three humps, they're probably just seeing three separate monsters."<ref>McLaughlin, Erin, "[http://gma.yahoo.com/blogs/abc-blogs/scottish-sailor-claims-best-picture-yet-loch-ness-100057921--abc-news-topstories.html Scottish Sailor Claims To Have Best Picture Yet Of Loch Ness Monster]", [[ABC News]]/[[Yahoo! News]], 16 August 2012</ref>
Other researchers have questioned the photograph's authenticity,<ref name="naish">{{cite web|last=Naish|first=Darren|title=Photos of the Loch Ness Monster, revisited|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/photos-of-the-loch-ness-monster-revisited/|work=[[Scientific American]]|date=10 July 2013|access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref> and Loch Ness researcher Steve Feltham suggested that the object in the water is a fibreglass hump used in a [[National Geographic Channel]] documentary in which Edwards had participated.<ref>{{cite web|last=Watson|first=Roland|title=Follow up to the George Edwards Photo|date=20 August 2012|url=http://lochnessmystery.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/follow-up-on-george-edwards-photo.html|access-date=20 August 2012}}</ref> Researcher Dick Raynor has questioned Edwards' claim of discovering a deeper bottom of Loch Ness, which Raynor calls "Edwards Deep". He found inconsistencies between Edwards' claims for the location and conditions of the photograph and the actual location and weather conditions that day. According to Raynor, Edwards told him he had faked a photograph in 1986 that he claimed was genuine in the Nat Geo documentary.<ref name=Edwardsclaims>{{cite web|last=Raynor|first=Dick|title=An examination of the claims and pictures taken by George Edwards|url=http://www.lochnessinvestigation.com/georgeedwardsclaims.html|access-date=1 September 2012}}</ref> Although Edwards admitted in October 2013 that his 2011 photograph was a hoax,<ref name="Edwards hoax">{{cite web|last1=Alistair|first1=Munro|title=Loch Ness Monster: George Edwards 'faked' photo|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/odd/loch-ness-monster-george-edwards-faked-photo-1-3126919|website=The Scotsman|access-date=5 June 2015}}</ref> he insisted that the 1986 photograph was genuine.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gross|first1=Jenny|title=Latest Loch Ness 'Sighting' Causes a Monstrous Fight|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304795804579099051192907582|website=Wall Street Journal|date=5 October 2013|access-date=5 June 2015}}</ref>
A survey of the literature about other hoaxes, including photographs, published by ''[[The Scientific American]]'' on 10 July 2013, indicates many others since the 1930s. The most recent photo considered to be "good" appeared in newspapers in August 2012; it was allegedly taken by George Edwards in November 2011 but was "definitely a hoax" according to the science journal.<ref name="naish"/>
==={{anchor|David Elder's video (2013)}}David Elder video (2013)===
On 27 August 2013, tourist David Elder presented a five-minute video of a "mysterious wave" in the loch. According to Elder, the wave was produced by a {{convert|4.5|m|abbr=on}} "solid black object" just under the surface of the water.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jauregui |first1=Andres |title=Loch Ness Monster Sighting? Photographer Claims 'Black Object' Glided Beneath Lake's Surface |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/loch-ness-monster-sighting-photo_n_3817842 |access-date=8 January 2021 |work=HuffPost |date=26 August 2013}}</ref> Elder, 50, from [[East Kilbride]], [[South Lanarkshire]], was taking a picture of a swan at the [[Fort Augustus]] pier on the south-western end of the loch,<ref>{{cite news| title = Do new pictures from amateur photographer prove Loch Ness Monster exists? | date = 26 August 2013 | url = http://metro.co.uk/2013/08/26/do-new-pictures-from-amateur-photographer-prove-loch-ness-monster-exists-3938074/ | work = Metro | access-date = 25 September 2013}}</ref> when he captured the movement.<ref name="sightaug13">{{cite news | first = Claire | last = Baillie | title = New photo of Loch Ness Monster sparks debate | date = 27 August 2013 | url = http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/heritage/new-photo-of-loch-ness-monster-sparks-debate-1-3062880 | work = The Scotsman | access-date = 25 September 2013}}</ref> He said, "The water was very still at the time and there were no ripples coming off the wave and no other activity on the water."<ref name="sightaug13"/> Sceptics suggested that the wave may have been caused by a wind gust.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/news/finally-is-this-proof-the-loch-ness-monster-exists/story-e6frfq80-1226705466799 | title=Finally, is this proof the Loch Ness monster exists? | publisher=news.com.au | date=28 August 2013 | access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref>
===Apple Maps photograph (2014)===
On 19 April 2014, it was reported<ref name="Gander">{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/loch-ness-monster-found-on-apple-maps-9271075.html | title=Loch Ness Monster found on Apple Maps? |newspaper=The Independent | date=19 April 2014 | access-date=20 April 2014 | location=London | first=Kashmira | last=Gander}}</ref> that a satellite image on [[Apple Maps]] showed what appeared to be a large creature (thought by some to be the Loch Ness Monster) just below the surface of Loch Ness. At the loch's far north, the image appeared about {{convert|30|m}} long. Possible explanations were the [[wake]] of a boat (with the boat itself lost in [[image stitching]] or low contrast), [[pinniped|seal]]-caused ripples, or floating wood.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-30053585|title = Fallen branches 'could explain Loch Ness Monster sightings'|last = McKenzie|first = Steven|date = 21 November 2014|access-date = 21 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Loch Ness Monster on Apple Maps? Why Satellite Images Fool Us|url = http://www.livescience.com/45014-loch-ness-monster-apple-maps.html|access-date = 21 April 2015|website = livescience|date = 22 April 2014}}</ref>
===Google Street View (2015)===
[[Google]] commemorated the 81st anniversary of the "surgeon's photograph" with a [[Google Doodle]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/doodles/81st-anniversary-of-the-loch-ness-monsters-most-famous-photograph|title=81st Anniversary of the Loch Ness Monster's most famous photograph|date=21 April 2015|access-date=22 April 2015}}</ref> and added a new feature to [[Google Street View]] with which users can explore the loch above and below the water.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/loch-ness-monster-google-maps-unveils-nessie-street-view-and-homepage-doodle-to-mark-81st-anniversary-of-iconic-photograph-10191133.html|title=Loch Ness Monster: Google Maps unveils Nessie Street View and homepage Doodle to mark 81st anniversary of iconic photograph|newspaper=The Independent|date=21 April 2015|access-date=21 April 2015|author=Kashmira Gander}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/apr/21/loch-ness-monster-photograph-google-doodle|title=Loch Ness monster: iconic photograph commemorated in Google doodle|newspaper=The Guardian|date=21 April 2015|access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref> Google reportedly spent a week at Loch Ness collecting imagery with a street-view "trekker" camera, attaching it to a boat to photograph above the surface and collaborating with members of the [[Catlin Seaview Survey]] to photograph underwater.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/uk/scotland/11549549/Has-Google-found-the-Loch-Ness-Monster.html|title=Has Google found the Loch Ness Monster?|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=21 April 2015|access-date=21 April 2015|author=Oliver Smith}}</ref>
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