Olusegun Obasanjo: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Image:Olusegun Obasanjo (Brasilia 6 September 2005).jpg|350px|thumb|Olusegun Obasanjo]]
'''Olusegun Mathew Okikiola Aremu Obasanjo''' (lahir [[5 Maret]] [[1937]]) adalah [[Presiden]] [[Nigeria]] sejak [[1999]]. Sebagai seorang Kristen [[Yoruba]], Obasanjo berkarier sebagai soldier sebelum menjadi kepala negara, memimpin militer mulai [[13 Februari]] [[1976]] dan [[1 Oktober]] [[1979]] serta sejak [[1999]] ketika terpilih menjadi presiden.
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==Early life and first term as Head of State==
Obasanjo was born in [[Abeokuta]], [[Ogun State, Nigeria|Ogun State]], and he enlisted into the army at the age of 18. He trained at [[Aldershot]] and was commissioned as an officer. Although he did not directly participate in the military coup of [[July 29]], [[1975]], led by [[Murtala Ramat Mohammed]], he was named Murtala's deputy in the new government. When Mohammed was assassinated in an attempted coup in [[February 13]] [[1976]], Obasanjo replaced him as head of state.
As chief of staff of Supreme Headquarters, Obasanjo was Murtala Muhammad's deputy and had the support of the military. He had commanded the federal division that took [[Owerri]], effectively bringing an end to the civil war. Keeping the chain of command established by Murtala Muhammad in place, Obasanjo pledged to continue the program for the restoration of civilian government in 1979 and to carry forward the reform program to improve the quality of public service.
The draft constitution was published in October 1976, anticipating the seating of a constituent assembly in 1977. Debates during sessions of the drafting committee were frequently ideological in nature, but divisive proposals, such as the attempt to define Nigeria as a "socialist" state, were decisively rejected. Committee members discarded Murtala Muhammad's recommendations for a nonparty system, but they insisted that parties applying for registration had to have national objectives and executive boards whose members represented at least two-thirds of the states. The model for the constitution, which was adopted in 1979, was based on the [[Constitution of the United States]], with provision for a [[president]], [[Senate]], and [[House of Representatives]]. The country was now ready for local elections, to be followed by national elections, that would return Nigeria to civilian rule.
The military regimes of Murtala Muhammad and Obasanjo benefited from a tremendous influx of oil revenue that increased 350 percent between 1973 and 1974, when oil prices skyrocketed, to 1979, when the military stepped down. Increased revenues permitted massive spending that unfortunately, was poorly planned and concentrated in urban areas. The oil boom was marred by a minor recession in 1978-79, but revenues rebounded until mid-1981 . The increase in revenues made possible a rapid rise in income, especially for the urban middle class. There was a corresponding inflation, particularly in the price of food, that promoted both industrialization and the expansion of agricultural production. As a result of the shift to food crops, the traditional export earners--peanuts, cotton, cocoa, and palm products--declined in significance and then ceased to be important at all. Nigeria's exports became dominated by oil.
Industrialization, which had grown slowly after World War II through the civil war, boomed in the 1970s, despite many infrastructure constraints. Growth was particularly pronounced in the production and assembly of consumer goods, including vehicle assembly and the manufacture of soap and detergents, soft drinks, pharmaceuticals, beer, paint, and building materials. Furthermore, there was extensive investment in infrastructure from 1975 to 1980, and the number of parastatals--jointly government- and privately owned companies--proliferated. The Nigerian Enterprises Promotion decrees of 1972 and 1977 further encouraged the growth of an indigenous middle class.
Plans were undertaken for the movement of the federal capital from [[Lagos]] to a more central location in the interior at [[Abuja]]. Such a step was seen as a means of encouraging the spread of industrial development inland and of relieving the congestion that threatened to choke Lagos. Abuja also was chosen because it was not identified with any particular ethnic group.
Heavy investment was planned in steel production. With [[Soviet]] assistance, a steel mill was developed at [[Ajaokuta]] in [[Kwara State]], not far from Abuja. The most significant negative sign was the decline of industry associated with agriculture, but largescale irrigation projects were launched in the states of [[Borno]], [[Kano]], [[Sokoto]], and [[Bauchi]] under [[World Bank]] auspices.
Education also expanded rapidly. At the start of the civil war, there were only five universities, but by 1975 the number had increased to thirteen, with seven more established over the next several years. In 1975 there were 53,000 university students. There were similar advances in primary and secondary school education, particularly in those northern states that had lagged behind.
Obasanjo served until [[October 1]] [[1979]], when he handed power to [[Shehu Shagari]], a democratically elected civilian president, becoming the first leader in Nigerian history to surrender power willingly. In late [[1983]], however, the military seized power again. Obasanjo, being in retirement, did not participate in that coup, and did not publicly support it.
==Later career and presidency==
During the dictatorship of [[Sani Abacha]] ([[1993]]–[[1998]]), Obasanjo spoke out against the [[human rights]] abuses of the regime, and was imprisoned. He was released only after Abacha's sudden death on [[8 June]] [[1998]]. It was after his release from prison that Obasanjo announced that he was now a [[born-again Christian]].
In the [[1999]] elections, the first in sixteen years, he decided to run for the presidency as the candidate of the [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]]. Obasanjo won with 62.6 percent of the vote, sweeping the strongly Christian South-East and the predominantly [[Islam|Muslim]] north, but decisively lost his home region, the south-west, to his fellow-Yoruba and Christian, [[Olu Falae]], the only other candidate. It is thought that lingering resentment among his fellow-Yorubas about his previous military administration of [[1976]] to [[1979]], after which he handed power over to a government dominated by northerners rather than by Yorubas, contributed to his poor showing among his own people.
[[Image:obasanjo_with_rumsfeld.jpg|thumb|300px|Olusegun Obasanjo with Donald Rumsfeld]]
Obasanjo was reelected in [[2003]] in a tumultuous election that had violent ethnic and religious overtones, his main opponent (fellow former military ruler General [[Muhammadu Buhari]]) being a Muslim who drew his support mainly from the north. Capturing 61.8 percent of the vote, Obasanjo defeated Buhari by more than 11 million votes. Buhari and other defeated candidates (including [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu]], the former [[Biafra|Biafran]] leader of the [[1960s]]), claimed that the election was fraudulent. International observers from the [[European Union]], and the American [[National Democratic Institute]] and [[International Republican Institute]] also reported widespread voting irregularities, including in the restive oil producing [[Niger delta]] where Obasanjo's party had unexplainedly won close to 100 percent of the vote tally. However a delegation from the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], led by representatives of former colonial power and trading partner [[Great Britain]] and African nations that had undergone troubled elections of their own, were less critical in their assessment. The Commonwealth observers concluded that while there had been incidents of fraud on both sides, Obasanjo's margin of victory was so huge that electoral malpractice would not have changed the result. Much more worrying was the increasing polarization of Nigeria along geographic and religious lines. Obasanjo swept the South, including the south-west where he had lost four years earlier, but lost considerable ground in the North. For a nation in which ethnicity and religion ties in strongly to geography, such a trend was seen by many as particularly disturbing. Other commentators might simply note that in [[2003]], unlike [[1999]], Obasanjo was running against a Northerner and could therefore expect his support to erode in the North.
Since leading a public campaign against corruption and implementing economic reforms in his country, he has been widely seen abroad as an African statesman championing debt relief and democratic institutions (thrice rejecting government change by coup in the continent of Africa as the chairperson of the [[African Union]]). In 2005 the international community gave Nigeria's government its first pass mark for its anti-corruption efforts. However a growing number of critics within Nigeria have accused Obasanjo's government of selectively targeting his anti-corruption drive against political opponents and ethnic militants, ignoring growing concerns about wide-scale corruption within his own inner political circle. Religious, ethnic and political unrest escalated sharply under Obasanjo's administration from 1999 until 2003, when more than 15,000 people were estimated killed and 80,000 internally displaced. Violence flared again in early 2006 with Christian-Muslim violence in northern and eastern cities and attacks by insurgents in the [[Niger Delta]] against oil industry targets, including kidnapping workers and sabotaging facilities. Human rights abuses by Nigeria's military, of which Obasanjo remains commander-in-chief, continued to occur with troubling frequency under his administration, according to a 2004 U.S. [[State Department]] report. On at least three occasions between 1999 and 2005 -- once in the central state of Benue and also in the towns of Odi and Odiama in the Niger delta state of Bayelsa -- soldiers raided and burned down communities, killing numerous civilians. Obasanjo was criticised by rights organisations including [[Human Rights Watch]] and [[Amnesty International]] for publicly condoning those deadly raids. With his secret bid for a third term in office, Obsanjo seems poised to become one of the most infamous presidents in a line of corrupt and dictatorial leaders in Africa's most populous state.
picture:[[http://www.Nigeriaplanet.proboards43.com/index.cgi?board=abujapicture Picture of Abuja]]
On [[October 23]], [[2005]] (just hours after the crash of [[Bellview Airlines Flight 210]]), the President lost his wife, [[Stella Obasanjo]], [[First Lady]] of Nigeria. Obasanjo has many children, some with his first wife [[Linda Obasanjo|Linda]] (who was assassinated in [[1980]]) and some out of wedlock, who live throughout Nigeria, the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]]. These include [[Dare Obasanjo]], a [[Microsoft]] programmer and developer.
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{{succession box|title=[[Ketua Uni Afrika]]|
start=[[2004]]|before=[[Joaquim Chissano]]|after=[[Denis Sassou-Nguesso]]|years=2004–[[2006]]}}
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title=[[Presiden Nigeria]]|
start=[[29 Mei]] [[1999]]|
before=[[Abdulsalami Abubakar]]|
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