Humanae Vitae: Perbedaan antara revisi
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===The commission of John XXIII===
With the appearance of the [[Combined oral contraceptive pill|first oral contraceptives]] in 1960, dissenters in the Church argued for a reconsideration of the Church positions. In 1963 [[Pope John XXIII]] established a commission of six European non-theologians to study questions of birth control and population.<ref name=shannon>{{cite book |last=Shannon |first=William Henry |title=The lively debate: response to Humanae vitae |url=https://archive.org/details/livelydebateresp0000shan |year=1970 |publisher=Sheed & Ward |location=New York |id=ISBN 0-8362-0374-7 |pages=pp. 76-104 |chapter=VII. The Papal Commission on Birth Control}}</ref><ref name=mcclory>{{cite book |last=McClory |first=Robert |title=Turning point: the inside story of the Papal Birth Control Commission, and how Humanae vitae changed the life of Patty Crowley and the future of the church |url=https://archive.org/details/turningpointinsi0000mccl |year=1995 |publisher=Crossroad |location=New York |id=ISBN 0-8245-1458-0}}</ref> After John's death in 1963, [[Pope Paul VI]] added theologians to the commission and over three years expanded it to 72 members from five continents (including 16 theologians, 13 physicians and five women without medical credentials, with an executive committee of 16 bishops, including seven cardinals.)<ref name=shannon/><ref name=mcclory/> The commission produced a report in 1966, proposing that artificial birth control was not intrinsically evil and that Catholic couples should be allowed to decide for themselves about the methods to be employed.<ref name=shannon/><ref name=mcclory/><ref name=ncr>{{cite journal |title=Reveal papal birth control texts |journal=National Catholic Reporter |volume=3 |issue=25 |date=1967-04-19 |pages=pp. 1, 3, 8–12}}</ref><ref name=hoyt>{{cite book |editor=Hoyt, Robert G. (ed.) |title=The birth control debate |year=1968 |publisher=National Catholic Reporter |location=Kansas City |chapter=I. Documents from the Papal Commission |pages=pp. 15-111}}</ref>
One commission member, American Jesuit theologian John Ford (with the assistance of American theologian [[Germain Grisez]]) drafted a minority report working paper that was signed by Ford and three other theologian priests on the commission, stating that the Church should not and could not change its long-standing teaching.<ref name=shannon/><ref name=mcclory/><ref name=ncr/><ref name=hoyt/> Even though intended for the Pope only, the commission's report and two working papers (the minority report and the majority's rebuttal to it) were leaked to the press in 1967, raising public expectations of liberalization.<ref name=ncr/><ref name=nyt1>{{cite journal |title=Majority report seeks papal shift on contraception |journal=New York Times | last=Kneeland |first= Douglas E. | date=1967-04-17 |pages=p. 1}}</ref> However, Paul VI explicitly rejected his commission's recommendations in the text of ''Humanae Vitae'', noting the 72 member commission had not been unanimous (4 theologian priests had dissented, and 1 cardinal and 2 bishops had voted that contraception was intrinsically evil--significantly [[Alfredo Cardinal Ottaviani|Cardinal Ottaviani]], the commission's president and Bishop Colombo, the papal theologian).<ref name=shannon/><ref name=mcclory/><ref name=hoyt/> ''Humanae Vitae'' did, however, explicitly allow the modern forms of [[natural family planning]] that were then being developed.
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