SpaceX: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Pada tanggal 30 Mei 2020, SpaceX berhasil meluncurkan dua astronot NASA ([[Douglas G. Hurley|Doug Hurley]] dan [[Bob Behnken]]) ke orbit dalam wahana antariksa [[SpaceX Dragon 2|Crew Dragon]] selama [[Crew Dragon Demo-2|Demo-2]], membuat SpaceX perusahaan swasta pertama yang mengirim astronaut ke [[Stasiun Luar Angkasa Internasional]] dan menandai pertama peluncuran awak dari tanah Amerika dalam 9 tahun.<ref name="NYT-20200530">{{Cite news|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|date=May 30, 2020|title=SpaceX Lifts NASA Astronauts to Orbit, Launching New Era of Spaceflight - The trip to the space station was the first from American soil since 2011 when the space shuttles were retired|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/30/science/spacex-nasa-astronauts.html|work=The New York Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810172446/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/30/science/spacex-nasa-astronauts.html|archive-date=August 10, 2020|access-date=May 31, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CNN-20200530">{{Cite news|last=Wattles|first=Jackie|date=May 30, 2020|title=SpaceX Falcon 9 launches two NASA astronauts into the space CNN|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/30/tech/spacex-nasa-launch-astronauts-scn/index.html|publisher=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531001954/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/30/tech/spacex-nasa-launch-astronauts-scn/index.html|archive-date=May 31, 2020|access-date=May 31, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Misi tersebut diluncurkan dari [[Kompleks Peluncuran 39A Pusat Antariksa Kennedy]] (LC-39A) dari [[Pusat Luar Angkasa Kennedy|Kennedy Space Center]] di [[Florida]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=SpaceX-NASA Dragon Demo-2 launch: All your questions answered|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-crew-dragon-demo-2-mission-nasa-spacex-is-important-and-how-it-will-take-place-6434723/|website=indianexpress.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603035924/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-crew-dragon-demo-2-mission-nasa-spacex-is-important-and-how-it-will-take-place-6434723/|archive-date=June 3, 2020|access-date=2020-06-02|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Crew Dragon Demo-2]] berhasil merapat ke [[Stasiun Luar Angkasa Internasional]] pada 31 Mei 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crew Dragon docks with ISS|url=https://spacenews.com/crew-dragon-docks-with-iss-2/#:~:text=WASHINGTON%20%E2%80%94%20A%20Crew%20Dragon%20spacecraft,States%20in%20nearly%20nine%20years|website=spacenews.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822190327/https://spacenews.com/crew-dragon-docks-with-iss-2/#:~:text=WASHINGTON%20%E2%80%94%20A%20Crew%20Dragon%20spacecraft,States%20in%20nearly%20nine%20years|archive-date=August 22, 2020|access-date=2020-06-02|url-status=live}}</ref> Karena [[Penyakit koronavirus 2019|pandemi COVID-19]] terjadi pada saat yang sama, prosedur karantina yang tepat (banyak di antaranya sudah digunakan oleh NASA beberapa dekade sebelum [[Pandemi COVID-19|pandemi 2020]]) diambil untuk mencegah para astronot membawa COVID-19 ke dalam ISS.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-27|title=SpaceX is launching its first human crew to space Saturday. How coronavirus affected preparations|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2020-05-27/nasa-astronauts-spacex-launch-training-during-coronavirus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601104455/https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2020-05-27/nasa-astronauts-spacex-launch-training-during-coronavirus|archive-date=June 1, 2020|access-date=2020-06-01|newspaper=The Los Angeles Times|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-04-29|title=Routine Quarantine Helps Astronauts Avoid Illness Before Launch|url=https://www.space.com/6628-routine-quarantine-helps-astronauts-avoid-illness-launch.html|publisher=Space.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603035926/https://www.space.com/6628-routine-quarantine-helps-astronauts-avoid-illness-launch.html|archive-date=June 3, 2020|access-date=2020-06-02|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Prestasi ===
Prestasi utama SpaceX adalah dalam pemakaian ulang kendaraan peluncuran kelas orbital dan pengurangan biaya dalam industri peluncuran luar angkasa. Yang paling menonjol dari ini adalah pendaratan berlanjut dan peluncuran kembali tahap pertama Falcon 9. Pada Desember 2020, SpaceX telah menggunakan dua pendorong tahap pertama yang berbeda, [[Penguat Falcon 9 B1049|B1049]] dan [[Daftar booster tahap pertama Falcon 9|B1051]], masing-masing tujuh kali.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Eric Ralph|date=August 18, 2020|title=SpaceX's 99th Falcon launch checks off new rocket booster reuse record [updated]|url=https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-100th-launch-rocket-reuse-milestone/|publisher=Teslarati|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819144328/https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-100th-launch-rocket-reuse-milestone/|archive-date=August 19, 2020|access-date=August 20, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> SpaceX didefinisikan sebagai perusahaan luar angkasa swasta dan dengan demikian pencapaiannya juga dapat dianggap sebagai yang pertama oleh perusahaan swasta.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Tanggal
! scope="col" |Prestasi
! scope="col" |Penerbangan
|-
|28 September 2008
|First privately funded liquid-fueled rocket to reach orbit.<ref name="sfn20080928">{{cite web|author=Stephen Clark|date=September 28, 2008|title=Sweet Success at Last for Falcon 1 Rocket|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/falcon/004/index.html|publisher=Spaceflight Now|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924182644/http://www.spaceflightnow.com/falcon/004/index.html|archive-date=September 24, 2015|access-date=March 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[:en:Falcon_1|Falcon 1 flight 4]]
|-
|14 Juli 2009
|First privately developed liquid-fueled rocket to put a commercial satellite in orbit.
|[[:en:RazakSAT|RazakSAT]] on [[:en:RazakSAT|Falcon 1 flight 5]]
|-
|9 Desember 2010
|First private company to successfully launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft.
|[[:en:SpaceX_Dragon|SpaceX Dragon]] on [[:en:SpaceX_COTS_Demo_Flight_1|SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 1]]
|-
|25 Mei 2012
|First private company to send a spacecraft to the [[:en:International_Space_Station|International Space Station]] (ISS).<ref name="NYT-20120525">{{cite web|author=Kenneth Chang|date=May 25, 2012|title=Space X Capsule Docks at Space Station|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/26/science/space/space-x-capsule-docks-at-space-station.html|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67wTMzTBX?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/26/science/space/space-x-capsule-docks-at-space-station.html|archive-date=May 26, 2012|access-date=May 25, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[:en:SpaceX_COTS_Demo_Flight_2|Dragon C2+]]
|-
|22 Desember 2015
|First landing of an orbital rocket's first stage on land.
|[[:en:Falcon_9_flight_20|Falcon 9 flight 20]]
|-
|8 April 2016
|First landing of an orbital rocket's first stage on an ocean platform.
|[[:en:SpaceX_CRS-8|Falcon 9 flight 23]]
|-
|30 Maret 2017
|First relaunch and landing of a used orbital first stage.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Elon Musk's SpaceX makes history by launching a 'flight-proven' rocket|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2017/03/30/elon-musks-spacex-makes-history-by-launching-a-flight-proven-rocket/|work=The Washington Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331015137/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2017/03/30/elon-musks-spacex-makes-history-by-launching-a-flight-proven-rocket/|archive-date=March 31, 2017|access-date=March 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[:en:List_of_Falcon_9_first-stage_boosters|B1021]] on [[:en:SES-10|Falcon 9 flight 32]]
|-
|30 Maret 2017
|First controlled flyback and recovery of a payload fairing.<ref name="fairingrec">{{cite web|title=SpaceX, In Another First, Recovers US$6 Million Nose Cone From Reused Falcon 9|url=http://fortune.com/2017/04/01/spacex-nose-cone-falcon9/|publisher=Fortune.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512073231/http://fortune.com/2017/04/01/spacex-nose-cone-falcon9/|archive-date=May 12, 2017|access-date=May 2, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[:en:SES-10|Falcon 9 flight 32]]
|-
|3 Juni 2017
|First re-flight of a commercial cargo spacecraft.<ref>{{cite web|last=spacexcmsadmin|date=January 29, 2016|title=Zuma mission|url=http://www.spacex.com/webcast|publisher=SpaceX|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126023622/http://www.spacex.com/webcast/|archive-date=November 26, 2013|access-date=June 4, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[:en:Dragon_C106|Dragon C106]] on [[:en:SpaceX_CRS-11|SpaceX CRS-11]] mission.
|-
|6 Februari 2018
|First private spacecraft launched into [[:en:Heliocentric_orbit|heliocentric orbit]].
|[[:en:Elon_Musk's_Tesla_Roadster|Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster]] on [[:en:Falcon_Heavy_test_flight|Falcon Heavy test flight]]
|-
|2 Maret 2019
|First private company to send a human-rated spacecraft to space.
|[[:en:Crew_Dragon_Demo-1|Crew Dragon Demo-1, on Falcon 9 flight 69]]
|-
|3 Maret 2019
|First private company to autonomously dock a spacecraft to the [[:en:International_Space_Station|International Space Station]] (ISS).
|[[:en:Crew_Dragon_Demo-1|Crew Dragon Demo-1, on Falcon 9 flight 69]]
|-
|25 Juli 2019
|First use of a [[:en:Staged_combustion_cycle#Full-flow_staged_combustion_cycle|full-flow staged combustion cycle engine]] ([[:en:SpaceX_Raptor|Raptor]]) in a free flying vehicle.<ref>{{cite web|last=Burghardt|first=Thomas|date=2019-07-25|title=Starhopper successfully conducts debut Boca Chica Hop|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/07/spacex-resume-starhopper-tests/|website=NASASpaceFlight.com|access-date=2021-01-01}}</ref> The benefit is a much longer life than conventional engines; it is expected to able to be re-used 1000 times.<ref>{{cite news|last=O'Callaghan|first=Jonathan|date=2019-07-31|title=The wild physics of Elon Musk's methane-guzzling super-rocket|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/spacex-raptor-engine-starship|publisher=Wired UK|issn=1357-0978|access-date=2021-01-01|journal=Wired}}</ref>
|''[[:en:SpaceX_Starship|Starhopper]]''
|-
|11 November 2019
|First reuse of payload fairing. The fairing was from the [[:en:ArabSat-6A|ArabSat-6A]] mission in April 2019.
|Starlink 1 Falcon 9 launch
|-
|Januari 2020
|SpaceX became the largest commercial satellite constellation operator in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Patel|first1=Neel|title=SpaceX now operates the world's biggest commercial satellite network|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/f/615016/spacex-now-operates-the-worlds-biggest-commercial-satellite-network/|publisher=MIT Technology Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822190327/https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/01/07/130991/spacex-now-operates-the-worlds-biggest-commercial-satellite-network/|archive-date=August 22, 2020|access-date=January 9, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Starlink 3 Falcon 9 launch
|-
|30 Mei 2020
|First private company to send humans into orbit.<ref name="30 May 2020">{{cite web|title=SpaceX Launches|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/30/science/spacex-launch-nasa.html#link-40d39c90|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530202004/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/30/science/spacex-launch-nasa.html#link-40d39c90|archive-date=May 30, 2020|access-date=May 30, 2020|url-status=live|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>
|[[:en:Crew_Dragon_Demo-2|Crew Dragon Demo-2]]
|-
|31 Mei 2020
|First private company to send humans to the [[:en:International_Space_Station|International Space Station]] (ISS).<ref>{{cite web|title=SpaceX's 1st Crew Dragon with astronauts docks at space station in historic rendezvous|url=https://www.space.com/spacex-crew-dragon-demo-2-docking-success.html|publisher=Space.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603035927/https://www.space.com/spacex-crew-dragon-demo-2-docking-success.html|archive-date=June 3, 2020|access-date=2020-06-02|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[:en:Crew_Dragon_Demo-2|Crew Dragon Demo-2]]
|-
|24 Jan 2021
|Most spacecraft launched into space on a single mission, with 143 satellites.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hennessy|first1=Paul|date=25 January 2021|title=SpaceX launches record number of spacecraft in cosmic rideshare program|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/spacex-launches-record-number-spacecraft-cosmic-rideshare-program-rcna236|work=NBC News|access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>
|Transporter-1 on [[:en:Falcon_9|Falcon 9]]
|}
== Perangkat keras ==
=== Kendaraan peluncur ===
[[Berkas:CRS-18 Mission (48380511427).jpg|jmpl|Pendaratan [[Falcon 9 Block 5|tahap pertama Falcon 9 Block 5]] di Cape Canaveral pada Juli 2019 - [[Lepas landas dan pendaratan vertikal|Teknologi VTVL]] digunakan di banyak kendaraan peluncur SpaceX.]]
[[Berkas:Falcon Heavy cropped.jpg|jmpl|Falcon Heavy Rocket pada [[Kompleks Peluncuran 39A Pusat Antariksa Kennedy|Launch Pad 39A]] di [[Cape Canaveral, Florida]].]]
SpaceX mengembangkan tiga kendaraan peluncuran. Roket berdaya kecil [[Falcon 1]] adalah kendaraan peluncur pertama yang dikembangkan dan dipensiunkan pada tahun 2009. Roket berdaya medium [[Falcon 9]] dan roket angkat berat [[Falcon Heavy]], keduanya beroperasi. [[Falcon 1]] adalah roket kecil yang mampu menempatkan beberapa ratus kilogram ke [[orbit Bumi rendah]]. Roket ini diluncurkan lima kali antara 2006 dan 2009, 2 di antaranya berhasil.<ref name="Falcon9 overview">{{Cite web|year=2011|title=Falcon 9 Overview|url=http://www.spacex.com/falcon9.php|publisher=SpaceX|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210095458/http://spacex.com/falcon9.php|archive-date=February 10, 2007|access-date=March 1, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Roket ini berfungsi sebagai bahan uji awal untuk mengembangkan konsep dan komponen untuk Falcon 9 yang lebih besar.<ref name="Falcon9 overview" /> Falcon 1 adalah roket berbahan bakar cair yang didanai swasta pertama yang mencapai orbit.<ref>{{Cite press release|publisher=SpaceX|access-date=March 1, 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126130419/http://www.spacex.com/press.php?page=20080928|archivedate=January 26, 2013}}</ref>
[[Falcon 9]] adalah [[Kendaraan peluncur daya angkat medium|kendaraan peluncuran angkat medium]] yang mampu mengirimkan hingga 22.800 kilogram (50.265 lb) ke orbit, bersaing dengan [[Delta IV|roket Delta IV]] dan [[Atlas V]], serta penyedia peluncuran lainnya di seluruh dunia. Roket ini memiliki sembilan [[Merlin (mesin roket)|mesin Merlin]] pada tahap pertamanya.<ref name="SpaceX Press 2005-09-08">{{Cite press release|url=http://www.spacex.com/press.php?page=18|title=SpaceX announces the Falcon 9 fully reusable heavy lift launch vehicle|date=September 8, 2005|publisher=SpaceX|access-date=March 1, 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326183411/http://www.spacex.com/press.php?page=18|archivedate=March 26, 2013}}</ref> [[Falcon 9 v1.0|Roket Falcon 9 v1.0]] berhasil mencapai orbit pada upaya pertamanya pada 4 Juni 2010. Penerbangan ketiganya, [[Dragon C2+|COTS Demo Flight 2]], diluncurkan pada 22 Mei 2012, dan merupakan [[Penerbangan antariksa swasta|wahana antariksa komersial]] pertama yang mencapai dan berlabuh dengan Stasiun Luar Angkasa Internasional (ISS).<ref name="cbcnews2">{{Cite web|last=Canadian Press|date=May 22, 2012|title=Private SpaceX rocket blasts off for space station Cargo ship reaches orbit 9 minutes after launch|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/private-spacex-rocket-blasts-off-for-space-station-1.1137129|publisher=CBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313042620/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/private-spacex-rocket-blasts-off-for-space-station-1.1137129|archive-date=March 13, 2017|access-date=March 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Kendaraan ini ditingkatkan menjadi [[Falcon 9 v1.1]] pada 2013, [[Falcon 9 Full Thrust]] pada 2015, dan terakhir menjadi [[Falcon 9 Block 5]] pada 2018.
[[Falcon Heavy]] adalah [[kendaraan peluncur angkat berat]] yang mampu mengirimkan hingga 63.800 kg (140.700 lb) ke [[orbit Bumi rendah]] (LEO) atau 26.700 kg (58.900 lb) ke [[Orbit transfer geostasioner|orbit transfer geostationer]] (GTO). Roket ini menggunakan tiga inti tahap pertama Falcon 9 yang sedikit dimodifikasi dengan total 27 mesin [[Merlin (mesin roket)|Merlin 1D.]]<ref name="sxfh2011">{{Cite web|year=2011|title=Falcon Heavy Overview|url=http://www.spacex.com/falcon_heavy.php|publisher=Space.com|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/63bpIzENm?url=http://www.spacex.com/falcon_heavy.php|archive-date=December 1, 2011|access-date=March 1, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="nsw20130103">{{Cite web|last=Clark Lindsey|date=January 4, 2013|title=NewSpace flights in 2013|url=http://www.newspacewatch.com/articles/newspace-flights-in-2013.html|publisher=NewSpace Watch|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526045649/http://www.newspacewatch.com/articles/newspace-flights-in-2013.html|archive-date=May 26, 2013|access-date=January 3, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Falcon Heavy berhasil menerbangkan misi perdananya pada 6 Februari 2018, meluncurkan [[Tesla Roadster]] pribadi Musk ke [[orbit heliosentris]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=spacexcmsadmin|date=November 15, 2012|title=Falcon Heavy|url=http://www.spacex.com/falcon-heavy|publisher=SpaceX|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406182002/http://www.spacex.com/falcon-heavy|archive-date=April 6, 2017|access-date=April 5, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Baik Falcon 9 dan Falcon Heavy telah disertifikasi untuk melakukan peluncuran untuk [[National Security Space Launch]] (NSSL). {{As of|2021|March|5}}, keluarga Falcon 9 dan Heavy telah menerbangkan [[Daftar peluncuran Falcon 9 dan Falcon Heavy|110 dari 112 misi yang berhasil]] dengan satu kegagalan, satu keberhasilan sebagian, dan satu kendaraan hancur selama uji rutin beberapa hari sebelum peluncuran yang dijadwalkan.
== Lihat pula ==
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