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{{for2|fitur surat elektronik di Wikipedia|[[Wikipedia:Surat elektronik]]}}
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[[Berkas:(at).svg|jmpl|150px|<center>[[@|Tanda et]], sebuah bagian dari setiap SMTP [[kotak surel]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5321#section-2.3.11|title=RFC 5321 – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol|accessdate=2010-02=October 2008|work=Network Working Group }}</ref>]]
 
'''Surat elektronik''' (akronim: '''surel''') atau '''pos elektronik''' (akronim: '''pos-el''' atau '''posel''') ([[bahasa Inggris]]: '''''e-mail''''') adalah sarana kirim mengirim [[surat]] melalui jalur [[jaringan komputer]] (misalnya [[Internet]]).
 
[[Berkas:Email.svg|jmpl|Lima langkah dalam proses pengiriman surel.]]
 
Dengan surat biasa umumnya pengirim perlu membayar per pengiriman (dengan membeli [[prangko]]), tetapi surat elektronik umumnya biaya yang dikeluarkan adalah biaya untuk membayar sambungan internet. Namun, ada pengecualian, misalnya surat elektronik ke [[telepon genggam]], kadang pembayarannya ditagih per pengiriman.
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'''Electronic mail''', most commonly referred to as '''email''' or '''e-mail''' since approximately 1993,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=electronic+mail%2Ce-mail&year_start=1980&year_end=1995&corpus=15&smoothing=0&share= |title=Google Ngram Viewer |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2013-04-21}}</ref> is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across the [[Internet]] or other [[computer network]]s. Some early email systems required that the author and the recipient both be [[Online and offline|online]] at the same time, in common with [[instant messaging]]. Today's email systems are based on a [[store-and-forward]] model. Email [[Computer server|servers]] accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need connect only briefly, typically to an [[e-mail server|email server]], for as long as it takes to send or receive messages.
 
Historically, the term ''electronic mail'' was used generically for any electronic document transmission. For example, several writers in the early 1970s used the term to describe [[fax]] document transmission.<ref>Ron Brown, Fax invades the mail market, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Ry64sjvOmLkC&pg=PA218 New Scientist], Vol. 56, No. 817 (Oct., 26, 1972), pages 218–221.</ref><ref>Herbert P. Luckett, What's News: Electronic-mail delivery gets started, [http://books.google.com/books?id=cKSqa8u3EIoC&pg=PA85 Popular Science], Vol. 202, No. 3 (March 1973); page 85</ref> As a result, it is difficult to find the first citation for the use of the term with the more specific meaning it has today.
 
An Internet email message<ref group=NB>Unless explicitly qualified, any technical descriptions in this article will refer to current Internet e-mail rather than to earlier email systems.</ref> consists of three components, the message ''envelope'', the message ''header'', and the message ''body''. The message header contains control information, including, minimally, an originator's [[email address]] and one or more recipient addresses. Usually descriptive information is also added, such as a subject header field and a message submission date/time stamp.
 
Originally a text-only (ASCII) communications medium, Internet email was extended to carry, e.g., text in other character sets, multi-media content attachments, a process standardized in [[Request for Comments|RFC]] 2045 through 2049. Collectively, these RFCs have come to be called [[Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions]] (MIME). Subsequently, the IETF defined an internationalization framework, e.g., [http://www.ietf.org/wg/concluded/eai.html Email Address Internationalization (eai)], for using unencoded UTF-8 in email.
 
Electronic mail predates the inception of the [[Internet]] and was in fact a crucial tool in creating it,<ref>See {{Harv|Partridge|2008}} for early history of email, from origins through 1991.</ref> but the history of modern, global Internet email services reaches back to the early [[ARPANET]]. Standards for encoding email messages were proposed as early as 1973 (RFC 561). Conversion from ARPANET to the Internet in the early 1980s produced the core of the current services. An email sent in the early 1970s looks quite similar to a basic text message sent on the Internet today.
 
Network-based email was initially exchanged on the ARPANET in extensions to the [[File Transfer Protocol]] (FTP), but is now carried by the [[Simple Mail Transfer Protocol]] (SMTP), first published as [[Internet standard]] 10 (RFC 821) in 1982. In the process of transporting email messages between systems, SMTP communicates delivery parameters using a message ''envelope'' separate from the message (header and body) itself.
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== Sejarah ==
Surat elektronik sudah mulai dipakai pada tahun [[1960-an]]. Pada saat itu internet belum terbentuk, yang ada hanyalah kumpulan '[[mainframe]]' yang terbentuk sebagai [[jaringan]]. Mulai tahun [[1980-an]], surat elektronik sudah bisa dinikmati oleh khalayak umum. Sekarang ini banyak perusahaan pos di berbagai negara yang menurun penghasilannya disebabkan masyarakat sudah tidak memakai jasa pos lagi.