Bulla: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan |
Add 2 books for Wikipedia:Pemastian (20210209)) #IABot (v2.0.8) (GreenC bot |
||
Baris 29:
== Clay Bulla as Seals ==
As papyrus and parchment gradually replaced clay tablets, bullae became the new encasement for scrolls of this new writing style.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McDowell|first1=Robert|title=Stamped and Inscribed Objects from Seleucia on the Tigris|url=https://archive.org/details/stampedinscribed0000mcdo|date=January 1935|publisher=University of Michigan|location=Ann Arbor|page=[https://archive.org/details/stampedinscribed0000mcdo/page/2 2]}}</ref> Documents were split into two halves, separated in the middle by multiple perforations. The top half was rolled into a scroll and a chord would wrap this section tight, going through the perforations. Clay was impressed on the chord to avoid unauthorized reading and the bottom of the document was then wrapped around the initial scroll. Bullae found in dig sights that appear concave and smooth and unmarked are thus these initial molds of clay placed around the interior scroll. A new chord was introduced around the document and a bullae attached to the ends of the chord, on the knot of the chord, or around the chord in its entirety, forming a ring. These outer rings could not guarantee unauthorized access to the documents as one could simply slip out the parchment and replace the bullae "ring" with one of their choosing.
[[File:Multi-stamped-bulla.jpg|thumb|Multi-stamped bulla (~1" diam.) formerly surrounding a dangling cord; unprovenanced [[Redondo Beach, California]] collection of antiquities]]
Designs were inscribed on the clay seals to mark ownership, identify witnesses or partners in commerce, or control of government officials. The later “official” seals were usually larger than private seals and could be designated seals of office, with inscriptions only identifying the office.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bullae|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bullae-sealings|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica|accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> In many cases, [[fingerprint]]s of the person who made the impression remain visible near the border of the seal in the clay. Various forms of bullae have been found in archeological digs.
Baris 39:
The earliest known tokens are those from two sites in the Zagros region of Iran: Tepe Asiab and Ganj-i-Dareh Tepe. Shcemandt-Besserat was able to work back in time and saw the same shapes from cuneiform to pictographs to these tokens. Most of these tokens have no translation though.<ref>Denise Schmandt-Besserat. How Writing Came about. Austin: U of Texas, 1996. Print.</ref>
Later, tokens transitioned into cylinders. Around the sixth century B.C., cylinders were used in international exchanges between empires. A famous one discovered is the Cyrus Cylinder. The Cyrus Cylinder is famous for its suggested evidence of Cyrus' policy of repatriation of the Hebrew people after their captivity in Babylon, as the text refers to the restoration of cult sanctuaries and repatriation of deported peoples.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Becking|first1=Bob|title="We All Returned as One!": Critical Notes on the Myth of the Mass Return".|url=https://archive.org/details/judahjudeanspers00lips|date=2006|publisher=Eisenbrauns.|location=Winona Lake, IN|isbn=978-1-57506-104-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/judahjudeanspers00lips/page/n11 6]}}</ref>
[[File:Cyrus Cylinder front.jpg|250px|Front view of a barrel-shaped clay cylinder resting on a stand. The cylinder is covered with lines of cuneiform text]][[File:Cyrus Cylinder back.jpg|250px|Rear view of a barrel-shaped clay cylinder resting on a stand. The cylinder is covered with lines of cuneiform text]]
| |||