Pubertas: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Rata-rata, anak perempuan mulai pubertas pada usia 10-11 dan berakhir pada usia 15-17; anak laki-laki umumnya mulai pubertas pada usia 11-12 dan berakhir pada usia 16-17.<ref name="Kail">{{cite book| last = Kail | first = RV |author2=Cavanaugh JC| title = Human Development: A Lifespan View | isbn = 978-0-495-60037-4 | publisher = [[Cengage Learning]] | year = 2010 | page = 296 |edition = 5th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-n5E7oyCgoC&pg=PA296}}</ref><ref name="Schuiling">{{cite book|author=Schuiling| title = Women's Gynecologic Health | isbn = 978-1-284-12501-6| publisher = [[Jones & Bartlett Learning]] | year = 2016 | page = 22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTDFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22|quote=The changes that occur during puberty usually happen in an ordered sequence, beginning with thelarche (breast development) at around age 10 or 11, followed by adrenarche (growth of pubic hair due to androgen stimulation), peak height velocity, and finally menarche (the onset of menses), which usually occurs around age 12 or 13.}}</ref><ref name="Phillips">{{cite book|author=D. C. Phillips| title =Encyclopedia of Educational Theory and Philosophy| isbn = 978-1-4833-6475-9 | publisher = [[Sage Publications]] | year = 2014 | pages = 18–19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=84StBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|quote=On average, the onset of puberty is about 18 months earlier for girls (usually starting around the age of 10 or 11 and lasting until they are 15 to 17) than for boys (who usually begin puberty at about the age of 11 to 12 and complete it by the age of 16 to 17, on average).}}</ref> Penanda utama pubertas bagi wanita adalah [[menarche]], permulaan [[menstruasi]], yang terjadi rata-rata antara usia 12 dan 13 tahun.<ref name="Schuiling"/> Untuk pria, ejakulasi pertama rata-rata terjadi pada usia 13 tahun.<ref name="Jorgensen & Keiding">(Jorgensen & Keiding 1991).</ref> Pada abad ke-21, rata-rata usia pubertas anak-anak, terutama perempuan, lebih rendah dibandingkan abad ke-19, yaitu 15 tahun untuk anak perempuan dan 16 tahun untuk anak laki-laki.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/7824699/Girls-now-reaching-puberty-before-10-a-year-sooner-than-20-years-ago.html |location=London |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |first=Richard |last=Alleyne |title=Girls now reaching puberty before 10—a year sooner than 20 years ago |date=2010-06-13}}</ref> Hal ini dapat disebabkan oleh sejumlah faktor, termasuk peningkatan nutrisi yang mengakibatkan pertumbuhan tubuh yang cepat, peningkatan berat badan dan penumpukan lemak,<ref name="Guillette_2006">{{cite journal |author=Guillette EA, Conard C, Lares F, Aguilar MG, McLachlan J, Guillette LJ |title=Altered breast development in young girls from an agricultural environment |journal=Environ. Health Perspect. |volume=114 |issue=3 |pages=471–5 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16507474 |pmc=1392245 |doi=10.1289/ehp.8280 |last2=Conard |last3=Lares |last4=Aguilar |last5=McLachlan |last6=Guillette Jr }}</ref> atau akibat paparan zat [[pengganggu endokrin]] seperti [[xenoestrogen]], yang terkadang dapat disebabkan oleh konsumsi makanan atau faktor lingkungan lainnya.<ref name="Louis_2008">{{cite journal |author=Buck Louis GM, Gray LE, Marcus M, Ojeda SR, Pescovitz OH, Witchel SF, Sippell W, Abbott DH, Soto A, Tyl RW, Bourguignon JP, Skakkebaek NE, Swan SH, Golub MS, Wabitsch M, Toppari J, Euling SY |title=Environmental factors and puberty timing: expert panel research needs |journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]] |volume=121 Suppl 3 |pages=S192–207 |date=February 2008 |pmid=18245512 |doi=10.1542/peds.1813E |last2=Gray Jr |last3=Marcus |last4=Ojeda |last5=Pescovitz |last6=Witchel |last7=Sippell |last8=Abbott |last9=Soto |last10=Tyl |last11=Bourguignon |last12=Skakkebaek |last13=Swan |last14=Golub |last15=Wabitsch |last16=Toppari |last17=Euling |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Mouritsen_2010">{{cite journal |author=Mouritsen A, Aksglaede L, Sørensen K, Mogensen SS, Leffers H, Main KM, Frederiksen H, Andersson AM, Skakkebaek NE, Juul A |title=Hypothesis: exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals may interfere with timing of puberty |journal=Int. J. Androl. |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=346–59 |date=April 2010 |pmid=20487042 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01051.x |last2=Aksglaede |last3=Sørensen |last4=Mogensen |last5=Leffers |last6=Main |last7=Frederiksen |last8=Andersson |last9=Skakkebaek |last10=Juul }}</ref> Pubertas yang dimulai lebih awal dari biasanya dikenal sebagai [[pubertas dini]], dan pubertas yang dimulai lebih lambat dari biasanya disebut [[pubertas tertunda]].