3M: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 1:
{{short description|Perusahaan multinasional asal Amerika}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Missing information|lampu lalu lintas yang diproduksi oleh 3M|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox company
|
| logo = 3M wordmark.svg
| logo_size = 175px
| image = 3-M Building Maplewood MN1.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Kantor pusat 3M di [[Maplewood, Minnesota]]
| former_name = Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (1902–2002)
| type = [[Perusahaan publik|Publik]]
| traded_as = {{unbulleted list|{{New York Stock Exchange|MMM}}|[[Dow Jones Industrial Average|Komponen DJIA]]|[[S&P 100|Komponen S&P 100]]|[[S&P 500|Komponen S&P 500]]}}
| industry = [[Konglomerat (perusahaan)|Konglomerat]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1902|6|13}} (dengan nama Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company)<br />[[Two Harbors, Minnesota|Two Harbors]], [[Minnesota]], Amerika Serikat<ref name=3MCite>[https://www.lakecountyhistoricalsociety.org/museums/view/3m-museum "3M Birthplace Museum"], Lake County Historical Society</ref>
| founders = John Dwan<br /> Hermon Cable<br />Henry Bryan<br /> William A. McGonagle
| location_city = [[Maplewood, Minnesota]]
| location_country = Amerika Serikat
| area_served = Seluruh dunia
| key_people = [https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/05/3m-appoints-michael-roman-ceo-inge-thulin-will-become-chairman-of-board.html Mike Roman]<br />{{small|([[Chairman#Perusahaan publik|Chairman]], [[Presiden (jabatan perusahaan)|Presiden]], & [[CEO]])}}
| products =
| revenue = {{increase}} {{US$|32.765 milyar|link=yes}} {{small|(2018)<ref name="10-K">{{cite web|url=https://last10k.com/sec-filings/mmm#link_fullReport|title=3M Company 2018 Annual Report (Form 10-K)|date=February 2019|publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]|website=last10k.com}}</ref>}}
| operating_income = {{decrease}} {{US$|7.207 milyar}} {{small|(2018)<ref name="10-K" />}}
| net_income = {{increase}} {{US$|5.349 milyar}} {{small|(2018)<ref name="10-K" />}}
| assets = {{decrease}} {{US$|36.500 milyar}} {{small|(2018)<ref name="10-K" />}}
| equity = {{decrease}} {{US$|9.796 milyar}} {{small|(2018)<ref name="10-K" />}}
| num_employees = 96.163 {{small|(2020)}}<ref name="Employees">{{cite web|title=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/3m/#36e68e94aec8}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|www.3M.com}}
}}
'''3M Company''' adalah sebuah [[Konglomerat (perusahaan)|konglomerat]] [[perusahaan multinasional|multinasional]] asal Amerika yang berbisnis di bidang industri, keselamatan pekerja, perawatan kesehatan, dan [[barang konsumen]].<ref name="vault">{{cite web |title = 3M Company Profile |url = http://www.vault.com/company-profiles/computer-hardware/3m/company-overview |website = Vault.com |publisher = Vault.com |access-date = 17 July 2018 }}</ref> Perusahaan ini memproduksi lebih dari 60.000 produk, antara lain<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.fool.com/investing/2018/10/24/premium-3m-company.aspx |title = Why 3M Company Finds It Hard to Keep Up With Investor Expectations |last = Chamaria |first = Neha |date = 2018-10-24 |website = The Motley Fool |language = en |access-date = 2019-10-10 }}</ref> [[lem]], [[ampelas]], [[laminasi]], [[perlindungan api pasif]], [[alat pelindung diri]], [[film jendela]], [[film perlindungan cat]], produk ortodontik dan dental, bahan insulasi dan penghubung listrik dan elektronik, produk medis, produk perawatan mobil,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/Products/ProdServ/Dir/HealthCare/ |title = 3M U.S.: Health Care |publisher = Solutions.3m.com |access-date = March 29, 2012 }}</ref> [[sirkuit elektronik]], perangkat lunak perawatan kesehatan, dan film optis.<ref name="3MWHO">{{cite web |url = http://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/our/company/information/about-us/ |title = Who We Are – 3M US Company Information |publisher = Solutions.3m.com |access-date = 2013-07-14 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080913044751/http://solutions.3m.com/wps/portal/3M/en_US/our/company/information/about-us/ |archive-date = September 13, 2008 |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Perusahaan ini berkantor pusat di [[Maplewood, Minnesota|Maplewood]], suburban [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite web |url = https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&client=safari&q=3M+CENTER,+BLDG.+maplewood+55144&ie=UTF-8&ei=t3oNUNDMAcjm2AXrxLUq&ved=0CEgQ_AUoAg |title = 3M Center, Maplewood 55144 – Google Maps |publisher = Google Maps |access-date = 2013-07-14 }}</ref>
3M mencatatkan penjualan sebesar $32,8 milyar pada tahun 2018, dan menempati peringkat ke-95 dalam daftar [[Fortune 500]].<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/ |title = Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List |website = Fortune |language = en-US |access-date = August 29, 2019 }}</ref> {{as of|2018}}, perusahaan ini mempekerjakan sekitar 93.500 orang, dan beroperasi di lebih dari 70 negara.<ref name="10-K"/>
Pada tahun 2016, sebuah tuntutan diajukan ke 3M karena mereka menjual [[penutup kuping]] cacat untuk digunakan oleh personil militer yang ditugaskan ke Irak dan Afghanistan. Penutup kuping tersebut diduga dapat menyebabkan gangguan pendengaran. 3M pun membayar uang damai sebesar $9,1 juta ke pemerintah Amerika Serikat.
==
Lima pebisnis mendirikan Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company sebagai sebuah perusahaan pertambangan di [[Two Harbors, Minnesota]], dan melakukan penjualan pertamanya pada tanggal 13 Juni 1902.<ref name=3MCite/><ref name=CPS>{{cite web |title = 3M |work = Company Profiles for Students |publisher = Gale |year = 1999 |access-date = October 4, 2012 |url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3427200011.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130518022821/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3427200011.html |archive-date = May 18, 2013 }}</ref> Tujuan perusahaan ini adalah untuk menambang [[korundum]], namun gagal karena di tambangnya hanya ada [[anortosit]], yang tidak memiliki nilai komersial.<ref name=CPS /> Salah satu pendiri perusahaan ini, John Dwan kemudian mencari modal untuk ditukar dengan saham, dan Edgar Ober serta Lucius Ordway pun resmi memegang mayoritas saham perusahaan ini pada tahun 1905.<ref name=CPS /> Perusahaan ini kemudian pindah ke [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]], lalu mulai meriset dan memproduksi [[amplas]].<ref name=CPS /> [[William L. McKnight]] kemudian bergabung ke perusahaan ini pada tahun 1907, dan [[Archibald Bush|A. G. Bush]] juga bergabung ke perusahaan ini pada tahun 1909.<ref name=CPS /> Keuangan 3M akhirnya menjadi stabil pada tahun 1916 dan dapat membayar [[deviden]].<ref name=CPS />
Perusahaan ini lalu pindah ke [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]] pada tahun 1910, di mana mereka bertahan selama 52 tahun, sebelum kemudian pindah lagi ke 3M Center di [[Maplewood, Minnesota|Maplewood]], Minnesota pada tahun 1962.<ref>{{cite web |title = 900 Bush Avenue: The House that Research Built: Early Years in Saint Paul |url = http://saintpaulhistorical.com/items/show/354 |website = Saint Paul Historical |publisher = Historic Saint Paul |access-date = 27 February 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170301005419/http://saintpaulhistorical.com/items/show/354 |archive-date = March 1, 2017 |url-status = dead |df = mdy-all }}</ref>
[[File:3M Museum 2013.jpg|thumb|[[John Dwan Office Building]], di mana 3M didirikan, kini menjadi museum]]
===Ekspansi dan sejarah modern===
Pada tahun 1947, 3M mulai memproduksi [[asam perfluorooktanoat]] (PFOA) dengan [[fluorinasi elektrokimia]].<ref name=Prevedouros2006>{{cite journal |last1 = Prevedouros |first1 = Konstaninos |last2 = Cousins |first2 = Ian T. |last3 = Buck |first3 = Robert C. |last4 = Korzeniowski |first4 = Stephen H. |title = Sources, Fate and Transport of Perfluorocarboxylates |journal = Environmental Science & Technology |volume = 40 |issue = 1 |pages = 32–44 |date = January 2006 |doi = 10.1021/es0512475 |pmid = 16433330 |bibcode = 2006EnST...40...32P }}</ref>
Pada tahun 1951, [[DuPont (1802–2017)|DuPont]] mulai membeli PFOA dari perusahaan ini untuk digunakan memproduksi [[teflon]], sebuah produk yang menghasilkan laba milyaran dolar per tahun bagi DuPont pada dekade 1990-an.<ref name="NYT_jan_2016">{{cite web |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/magazine/the-lawyer-who-became-duponts-worst-nightmare.html?_r=0 |title = The Lawyer Who Became DuPont's Worst Nightmare |date = 6 January 2016 |access-date = 8 January 2016 |last = Rich |first = Nathaniel |work = The New York Times }}</ref> DuPont menyebut PFOA sebagai C8.<ref name=Emmett2006>{{cite journal |last1 = Emmett |first1 = Edward |last2 = Shofer |first2 = Frances |last3 = Zhang |first3 = Hong |last4 = Freeman |first4= David |last5 = Desai |first5 = Chintan |last6 = Shaw |first6 = Leslie |title = Community exposure to Perfluorooctanoate: Relationships Between Serum Concentrations and Exposure Sources |journal = Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine |volume = 48 |issue = 8 |pages = 759–70 |date = August 2006 |pmid = 16902368 |pmc = 3038253 |doi = 10.1097/01.jom.0000232486.07658.74 }}</ref>{{Anchor|3M Pharmaceuticals|Riker Laboratories}} Formula asli [[Scotchgard]], sebuah anti air yang diaplikasikan ke kain, diciptakan secara tidak sengaja pada tahun 1952 oleh dua orang ahli kimia 3M, yakni [[Patsy Sherman]] dan [[Samuel Smith (ahli kimia)|Samuel Smith]]. Scotchgard pun mulai dijual pada tahun 1956, dan pada tahun 1973, kedua ahli kimia tersebut menerima [[paten]] atas formula yang mereka ciptakan.<ref>{{US patent|3574791}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Invention of Scotchgard|url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blscotchgard.htm|publisher=About.com|accessdate=2006-08-21}}</ref>
Pada akhir dekade 1950-an, 3M memproduksi [[obat asma hirup]] pertama,<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38627878/inhalers_become_environmentally_friendly/ |title = Inhalers become environmentally friendly |last = |first = |date = February 3, 1998 |work = The StarPhoenix |access-date = |agency = Canadian Press |location = Saskatoon, Saskatchewan |page = D3 |via = Newspapers.com }}</ref> namun perusahaan ini belum masuk ke industri farmasi ''per se'' hingga pertengahan dekade 1960-an dengan mengakuisisi Riker Laboratories, dan memindahkannya dari California ke Minnesota.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KFM0t9Q8LZoC&pg=PA4 |title = Nimesulide: Actions and Uses |last = Rainsford |first = K. D. |publisher = Birkhäuser Verlag |year = 2005 |isbn = 978-3-7643-7068-8 |editor-last = Rainsford |editor-first = K. D. |location = Basel |pages = 4 |chapter = The discovery, development and novel actions of nimesulide |via = Google Books (Preview) }}</ref> 3M mempertahankan Riker Laboratories sebagai anak usaha setidaknya hingga tahun 1985.<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38631878/space_drug/ |title = Space Drug |last = Slovut |first = Gordon |date = November 19, 1985 |work = Minneapolis Star and Tribune |access-date = |pages = [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38631975/space_drug_page1/ 1A], 11A |via = Newspapers.com }}</ref> Pada pertengahan dekade 1990-an, 3M Pharmaceuticals, divisi 3M yang berbisnis di bidang farmasi, memproduksi obat asma hirup bebas [[klorofluorokarbon|CFC]] pertama, sebagai respon terhadap adopsi [[Protokol Montreal]] oleh Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38628640/3m_urges_closer_look_at_inhalers/ |title = 3M urges closer look at inhalers |last = Staff |first = |date = October 12, 1996 |work = Kenosha News |access-date = |page = C6 |via = Newspapers.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38628834/airing_out_the_epa_3m_inhaler_scam/ |title = Airing out the EPA, 3M inhaler scam |last1 = Anderson |first1 = Jack |date = January 12, 1998 |work = The Daily Chronicle |access-date = |last2 = Moller |first2 = Jan |location = DeKalb, Illinois |page = 4 |type = Opinion |author-link = Jack Anderson (columnist) |via = Newspapers.com }}</ref> Pada dekade 1980-an dan 1990-an, perusahaan ini menghabiskan lima belas tahun untuk mengembangkan sebuah teknologi [[krim topikal]], yang kemudian disetujui sebagai [[pengobatan simtomatik]] untuk [[kondiloma akuminata]] pada tahun 1997, yakni [[Imiquimod|Aldara]].<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38629415/3m_geta_approval_for_warts_treatment/ |title = 3M gets approval for warts treatment |last = |first = |date = March 4, 1997 |work = La Crosse Tribune |access-date = |agency = Associated Press |page = B3 |via = Newspapers.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-S4aCgAAQBAJ&pg=SL3-PA322 |title = Strategic Management: Theory & Cases: An Integrated Approach |last1 = Hill |first1 = Charles W. L. |last2 = Jones |first2 = Gareth R. |last3 = Schilling |first3 = Melissa A. |publisher = Cengage Learning |year = 2015 |isbn = 978-1-285-18448-7 |edition = 11th |location = Stamford, Connecticut |page = C-322 |via = Google Books (Preview) }}</ref> Setelah empat dekade, 3M resmi melepas bisnis farmasinya melalui tiga kesepakatan pada tahun 2006, yang bernilai lebih dari {{US$|2 milyar}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38630756/drug_units_to_fetch_3m_21billion/ |title = Drug units to fetch 3M $2.1 billion |last = |first = |date = November 10, 2006 |work = The Philadelphia Inquirer |access-date = |agency = Associated Press |edition = City |page = D2 |via = Newspapers.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38631400/greaceway_acquires_3m_branded_pharma/ |title = Graceway Inc. acquires 3M's branded pharmaceuticals in $875 million deal |last = |first = |date = November 10, 2006 |work = Johnson City Press |access-date = |agency = NET News Service |page = 7C |via = Newspapers.com }}</ref> Pada saat itu, 3M Pharmaceuticals menyumbang sekitar 20% dari total pendapatan bisnis perawatan kesehatan milik 3M dan mempekerjakan lebih dari seribu orang.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:First and Mill 3Ms img14.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Lampu lalu lintas buatan 3M dipasang di [[Shelton, Washington]]. Lampu ini tidak dapat dilihat dari luar lajur pada siang hari, dan hanya dapat dilihat cahayanya dari luar lajur pada malam hari]]
[[File:First and Mill 3Ms img07.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Lampu lalu lintas yang sama, dilihat dari lajur yang dimaksud. Lensa penyebar cahaya khusus dan sebuah [[lensa fresnel]] berwarna digunakan untuk menciptakan indikasi merah, kuning, dan hijau.]]
Pada dekade 1970-an, 3M mengembangkan sebuah formula [[darah palsu]] berdasarkan pada [[manik-manik kecil]] berwarna merah yang disuspensi di sebuah cairan pembawa.<ref name="Theatre Crafts">{{cite book|title=Theatre Crafts, Volume 23, Issues 1-5|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Theatre_Crafts/YG8cAQAAIAAJ|date=1989|page=12|access-date=September 15, 2020|quote="Schaefer Applied Technology of Norwood, Massachusetts, has put Nextel Brand Simulated Blood back on the market. This stage blood developed by 3M, is based on colorfast red microbeads suspended in a carrier liquid, and contains no dyes, detergents, or sugar syrup, and will not cause staining or damage to existing dyes."}}</ref> Darah palsu ini dijual dengan nama Nextel Simulated Blood,<ref name="Theatre Crafts" /><ref name="3M blood Tweet">{{cite tweet|replyto=CrypticPictures|user=3M|number=1134580753113726976|date=May 31, 2019|title=Hi there – Thank you for reaching out! Unfortunately, Nextel simulated blood has pulled a permanent vanishing act. We're sorry to disappoint; hope there's no bad blood between us|link=https://twitter.com/3M/status/1134580753113726976|access-date=September 15, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> dan digunakan selama produksi film ''[[Dawn of the Dead (film 1978)|Dawn of the Dead]]'' pada tahun 1978.<ref>{{cite book|last=Savini|first=Tom|author-link=Tom Savini|date=1983|title=Grande Illusions: A Learn-By-Example Guide to the Art and Technique of Special Make-Up Effects from the Films of Tom Savini|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Grande_Illusions/uQEnAQAAIAAJ|publisher=Imagine, Inc.|page=43|isbn=0-911137-00-9}}</ref> Produk tersebut kini tidak lagi diproduksi.<ref name="3M blood Tweet" />
3M Mincom terlibat dalam salah satu perekaman [[audio digital]] pertama pada akhir dekade 1970-an yang dirilis secara komersial, saat sebuah mesin purwarupa dibawa ke studio [[Sound 80]] di [[Minneapolis]]. Pada tahun 1979, 3M memperkenalkan sebuah sistem perekaman audio digital bernama "3M Digital Audio Mastering System".<ref>{{cite web |url = http://mixonline.com/TECnology-Hall-of-Fame/1978-EM-Mastering/ |title = 1978 3M Digital Audio Mastering System-Mix Inducts 3M Mastering System Into 2007 TECnology Hall of Fame |publisher = Mixonline.com |date = September 1, 2007 |access-date = March 29, 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120313125926/http://mixonline.com/TECnology-Hall-of-Fame/1978-EM-Mastering/ |archive-date = March 13, 2012 |df = mdy }}</ref>
3M meluncurkan "Press 'n Peel" di empat kota pada tahun 1977, namun hasilnya kurang menggembirakan.<ref name="FT">{{cite magazine |url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/f08e8a9a-fcd7-11df-ae2d-00144feab49a.html#axzz18hyDnyKX |title = First Person: 'We invented the Post-It Note' |first1 = Art |last1 = Fry |first2 = Spencer |last2 = Silver |access-date = December 20, 2010 |magazine = FT Magazine }}</ref><ref name="2ndchance">{{cite web |url = https://tv.yahoo.com/news/article/tv.accesshollywood.com/tv.accesshollywood.com-couple-who-lost-800000-foxs-million-dollar-money-drop-will-get-another-chance-play-cash |title = TV News Headlines - Yahoo TV |work = Yahoo TV }}</ref> Setahun kemudian, 3M membagikan sampel gratis ke sejumlah masyarakat [[Boise, Idaho]], dan 95% di antaranya menyatakan mau membeli produk tersebut.<ref name="FT"/> Produk tersebut lalu resmi dijual dengan nama "[[Post-it Note|Post-it]]" pada tahun 1979.<ref name="nyt10">{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/25/business/media/25show.html?_r=0 |title = Right on the $800,000 Question, They Lost Anyway |newspaper = The New York Times |access-date = 2015-09-21 |date = December 24, 2010 |last1 = Stelter |first1 = Brian }}</ref>
=== Bacaan lebih lanjut ===
* V. Huck, ''Brand of the tartan: the 3M story'', Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1955. Early history of 3M and challenges, includes employee profiles.
* C. Rimington, ''From Minnesota mining and manufacturing to 3M Australia Pty Ltd (3M Australia: the Story of an Innovative Company)'', Sid Harta Publishers, 2013. Recollections from 3M Australia employees in context of broader organisational history.
{{Portal bar|United States|Companies}}
==Referensi==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Pranala luar==
{{commons category|3M}}
*[http://www.3m.com/ 3M Worldwide]
{{Finance links
| symbol = MMM
| sec_cik = MMM
| yahoo = MMM
| google = MMM
| bloomberg = MMM:US
| stockrow = MMM
}}
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?&ll=44.955153,-92.994847&spn=0.032086,0.032126&t=k&hl=en Google Local's satellite image of 3M head office campus]
*[http://www.transnationale.org/companies/3m_minnesota_mining_manufacturing.php 3M Global Company Profile from Transnationale.org]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130501205057/http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/hazardous/sites/washington/oakdale/oakdaledump.html Minnesota Department of Health on the Oakdale Dump Superfund Site]
* The [http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00281.xml historical records of the 3M Company] are available for research use at the [http://www.mnhs.org Minnesota Historical Society]
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