Perangkat lunak gratis: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Perangkat lunak gratis''' ({{Lang-en|'''freeware'''}}) adalah [[perangkat lunak]], biasanya [[Perangkat lunak milik perorangan|milik perorangan]] dan dilindungi [[hak cipta]], yang didistribusikan ke [[pengguna akhir]] secara cuma-cuma dan tidak memungut bayaran apa pun. Saat ini tidak ada [[Lisensi hak cipta|lisensi]], perjanjian hak, atau [[EULA|persetujuan lisensi pengguna akhir]] yang menjelaskan secara rinci apa itu ''freeware''; setiap penerbitan perangkat lunak dapat memiliki aturan sendiri terkait ''freeware''. Misalnya, ada penerbit yang mengizinkan [[Karya turunan|modifikasi]], [[Distribusi ulang perangkat lunak|distribusi ulang]], atau [[Reverse engineering|rekayasa balik]] tanpa seizin pencipta, sedangkan yang lainnya justru melarang.<ref name="linfo">{{cite web|date=2006-10-22|title=Freeware Definition|url=http://www.linfo.org/freeware.html|work=The Linux Information Project|accessdate=2009-06-12}}</ref><ref name="lawrence">{{cite book|last1=Graham|first1=Lawrence D|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c6IS3RnN6qAC&q=%22Legal+battles+that+shaped+the+computer+industry%22+%22from+the+beginning+of+the+computer+age%22&pg=PA175|title=Legal battles that shaped the computer industry|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-56720-178-9|page=175|quote=Freeware, however, is generally only free in terms of price; the author typically retains all other rights, including the rights to copy, distribute, and make derivative works from the software.|accessdate=2009-03-16}}</ref><ref name="gnu">{{cite web|title=Categories of free and nonfree software|url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/categories.html|accessdate=2017-05-01|quote=The term “freeware” has no clear accepted definition, but it is commonly used for packages which permit redistribution but not modification (and their source code is not available). These packages are not free software, so please don't use "freeware" to refer to free software.}}</ref> Tidak seperti [[perangkat lunak bebas dan sumber terbuka]], yang kebanyakan juga disediakan gratis, [[kode sumber]] perangkat lunak gratis biasanya tertutup.<ref name="linfo" /><ref name="gnu" /><ref name="dod-definition">{{citation|url=http://dodcio.defense.gov/OpenSourceSoftwareFAQ.aspx#Q:_Are_.22non-commercial_software.22.2C_.22freeware.22.2C_or_.22shareware.22_the_same_thing_as_open_source_software.3F|title=Frequently Asked Questions regarding Open Source Software (OSS) and the Department of Defense (DoD)|quote=Also, do not use the terms "freeware" or "shareware" as a synonym for "open source software". DoD Instruction 8500.2, “Information Assurance (IA) Implementation”, Enclosure 4, control DCPD-1, states that these terms apply to software where "the Government does not have access to the original source code". The government does have access to the original source code of open source software, so these terms do not apply.|accessdate=2012-06-11}}</ref><ref name="wolfire2010">{{cite web|last=Rosen|first=David|date=May 16, 2010|title=Open-source software is not always freeware|url=http://blog.wolfire.com/2010/05/Open-source-software-is-not-always-freeware|publisher=wolfire.com|accessdate=2016-01-18}}</ref> Perangkat lunak gratis dapat memberikan manfaat bagi pembuatnya, seperti meningkatkan nilai jual bagi versi yang lebih lengkap seperti [[model bisnis]] [[Freemium|''freemium'']] dan [[Shareware|perangkat kongsi]] (''shareware'').<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lyons|first1=Kelly|last2=Messinger|first2=Paul R.|last3=Niu|first3=Run H.|last4=Stroulia|first4=Eleni|author4-link=Eleni Stroulia|date=2012|title=A tale of two pricing systems for services|journal=Information Systems and E-Business Management|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=19–42|doi=10.1007/s10257-010-0151-3|issn=1617-9846|s2cid=34195355}}</ref>
== Sejarah ==
Kata ''freeware'' muncul 1982<ref>"Shareware: An Alternative to the High Cost of Software", ''Damon Camille'', ''1987''</ref> oleh [[Andrew Fluegelman]], yang ingin menjual [[PC-Talk]], aplikasi komunikasi buatannya, di luar kanal distribusi komersial.<ref>[http://textfiles.fisher.hu/news/freeware.txt Fisher.hu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614133129/http://textfiles.fisher.hu/news/freeware.txt|date=2006-06-14}}</ref> Fluegelman mendistribusikannya melalui metode yang kelak dikenal dengan nama ''[[shareware]]''.<ref>[http://www.pc-shareware.com/quality.htm The Price of Quality Software] by Tom Smith</ref>
Pada 1980-an dan 1990-an, kata ''freeware'' sering juga digunakan untuk perangkat lunak yang didistribusikan tanpa [[kode sumber]].<ref name="gnu" /><ref name="fsf">{{cite web|author=Free Software Foundation|title=Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing|url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Freeware|accessdate=2017-05-01|quote=Please don't use the term "freeware" as a synonym for "free software." The term "freeware" was used often in the 1980s for programs released only as executables, with source code not available. Today it has no particular agreed-on definition.}}</ref>
== Pengertian ==
=== Lisensi perangkat lunak ===
{{main|Lisensi perangkat lunak}}Perangkat lunak gratis dapat digunakan tanpa membayar. Perangkat lunak gratis dapat memiliki fungsi yang lengkap dalam jangka waktu tak terbatas, ataupun memiliki fungsi terbatas yang dapat ditingkatkan melalui pembelian atau sebagai suatu ''shareware'' (kongsi).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dixon|first1=Rod|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9b_vVPf53xcC&q=%22free+software%22+freeware&pg=PA4|title=Open Source Software Law|publisher=Artech House|isbn=978-1-58053-719-3|page=4|quote=On the other hand, freeware does not require any payment from the licensee or end-user, but it is not precisely free software, despite the fact that to an end-user the software is acquired in what appears to be an identical manner.|accessdate=2009-03-16}}</ref>
Berbeda dengan apa yang dimaksud [[perangkat lunak bebas]] menurut [[Yayasan Perangkat Lunak Bebas]], pencipta perangkat lunak gratis biasanya membatasi hak pengguna untuk menggunakan, menyalin, mendistribusikan, memodifikasi, membuat turunan, atau [[Rekayasa balik|merekayasa balik]] perangkat lunak itu.<ref name="linfo" /><ref name="lawrence" /><ref name="adobe-reader">{{cite journal|title=ADOBE Personal Computer Software License Agreement|url=https://www.adobe.com/products/eulas/pdfs/Reader10_combined-20100625_1419.pdf|accessdate=2011-02-16|quote=This license does not grant you the right to sublicense or distribute the Software. ... This agreement does not permit you to install or Use the Software on a computer file server. ... You shall not modify, adapt, translate, or create derivative works based upon the Software. You shall not reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble, or otherwise attempt to discover the source code of the Software. ... You will not Use any Adobe Runtime on any non-PC device or with any embedded or device version of any operating system.}}</ref><ref name="adobe-distribution">{{cite web|title=ADOBE READER AND RUNTIME SOFTWARE - DISTRIBUTION LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR USE ON PERSONAL COMPUTERS|url=https://www.adobe.com/cfusion/mmform/index.cfm?name=distribution_form&pv=rdr|accessdate=2011-02-16|quote=Distributor may not make the Software available as a standalone product on the Internet. Distributor may direct end users to obtain the Software, with the exception of ARH, through electronic download on a standalone basis by linking to the official Adobe website.}}</ref> [[Lisensi perangkat lunak]] dapat memberlakukan ketentuan pembatasan lain;<ref>{{cite web|title=IrfanView Software License Agreement.|url=http://www.irfanview.com/eula.htm|accessdate=2011-02-16|quote=IrfanView is provided as freeware, but only for private, non-commercial use (that means at home). ... IrfanView is free for educational use (schools, universities and libraries) and for use in charity or humanitarian organisations. ... You may not distribute, rent, sub-license or otherwise make available to others the Software or documentation or copies thereof, except as expressly permitted in this License without prior written consent from IrfanView (Irfan Skiljan). ... You may not modify, de-compile, disassemble or reverse engineer the Software.}}</ref> seperti menggratiskan "untuk keperluan pribadi dan nonkomersial saja",{{citation needed|date=December 2018}} atau melarang penggunaannya pada jaringan, peladen, atau kombinasi dengan perangkat lunak lainnya.<ref name="adobe-reader" /><ref name="adobe-distribution" /> Pembatasan ini dapat dibutuhkan menurut lisensi, atau diatur sedemikian rupa oleh perangkat lunak, seperti tidak diizinkan bekerja dalam jaringan.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}
=== Keterkaitan dengan jenis lisensi lain ===
[[Berkas:Open-source-vs-freeware.svg|jmpl|[[Diagram Venn]] yang membahas hubungan antara perangkat lunak gratis dan [[Perangkat lunak sumber terbuka]]: Menurut David Rosen dari[[Wolfire Games]], 2010, perangkat lunak sumber terbuka (oranye) kebanyakan gratis tetapi tidak mesti. Freeware (hijau) jarang sekali menampilkan kode sumber.<ref name="wolfire2010" />]]
[[Kementerian Pertahanan Amerika Serikat]] mendefinisikan "perangkat lunak sumber terbuka" (yaitu bebas (''free'') atau bebas dan sumber terbuka (''free and open-source'')), berbeda dengan "gratis (''freeware'')" atau "kongsi (''shareware'')"; itu adalah perangkat lunak yang "Pemerintah tidak memiliki akses ke kode sumber".<ref name="dod-definition" /> Kata ''free'' merujuk pada harga jual perangkat lunak, yang biasanya [[Perangkat lunak milik perorangan|milik perorangan]] dan didistribusikan tanpa kode sumber. Berbeda dengan kata ''free'' dalam ''free software'', itu artinya kebebasan bagi pengguna seperti menjalankan program untuk berbagai tujuan, memodifikasi dan mendistribusikan ulang kepada siapa pun, dan terkadang dapat dijual dengan harga tertentu.
Menurut [[Yayasan Perangkat Lunak Bebas]], ''freeware'' merupakan kategori yang memiliki penafsiran longgar dan tidak memiliki definisi yang jelas, meski yayasan itu menyatakan bahwa [[perangkat lunak bebas]] (bebas; tanpa pembatasan dengan menyediakan kode sumber) tidak dapat disebut ''freeware''.<ref name="gnu" /> Lain halnya dengan Oxford English Dictionary yang secara sederhana menyebut ''freeware'' sebagai "bebas dari biaya (meski ada saran bagi pengguna untuk melakukan donasi ke penyedia)".<ref>{{OED|freeware}}</ref>
Produk-produk ''freeware'' dapat dirilis bersama dengan versi berbayar yang memiliki fitur yang banyak atau lisensi yang kurang restriktif, yang dikenal dengan istilah [[Freemium|''freemium'']] ("''free''" + "''premium''"), karena versi ini adalah versi yang lebih sederhana daripada versi berbayarnya.<ref name="freeisnot">{{cite web|last=Wainewright|first=Phil|date=July 6, 2009|title=Free is not a business model|url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/saas/free-is-not-a-business-model/807|website=[[ZDNet]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref> Keduanya bisa membagi kode sumber, dengan menggunakan [[Compiler flag|''compiler flag'']] untuk menentukan bagaimana perangkat lunak ini bisa dibuat. Contohnya, [[BBEdit]] memiliki edisi [[BBEdit Lite]] yang memiliki sedikit fitur. [[XnView]] tersedia gratis untuk pribadi tetapi harus dilisensikan jika ingin digunakan untuk komersial. Kadang versi yang gratis itu berisi iklan, misalnya [[DivX]].
{{Anchor|Registerware}}[[Perangkat lunak beriklan]] (''adware'') dan gratis dengan pendaftaran (''free registerware'') juga memiliki kemiripan dengan perangkat lunak gratis. Perangkat lunak beriklan sama sekali tidak memberikan bayaran lisensi, tetapi alih-alih menampilkan iklan untuk membiayai pengembangan perangkat lunak dan juga sebagai sumber pendapatan. Perangkat lunak gratis dengan pendaftaran mewajibkan pengguna untuk melanggan penerbit sebelum bisa menggunakan produknya. Meski produk komersial dapat mewajibkan pendaftaran untuk memastikan pengguna sudah menerima lisensi, ''free registerware'' justru tidak.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foster|first=Ed|date=11 Jan 1999|title=An exercise in frustration? Registerware forces users to jump through hoops|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akoEAAAAMBAJ&q=registerware&pg=RA1-PA101|journal=[[InfoWorld]]|publisher=InfoWorld Media Group|volume=21|issue=2|doi=|issn=0199-6649|pmid=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=1 Feb 1999|title=Is registerware an anti-piracy necessity?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkoEAAAAMBAJ&q=registerware&pg=PA46|journal=[[InfoWorld]]|publisher=InfoWorld Media Group|volume=21|issue=5|doi=|issn=0199-6649|pmid=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foster|first=Ed|date=14 Oct 2002|title=Since you asked...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jz0EAAAAMBAJ&q=registerware&pg=PA61|journal=[[InfoWorld]]|publisher=InfoWorld Media Group|volume=24|issue=41|doi=|issn=0199-6649|pmid=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Foster|first=Ed|date=18 Nov 2002|title=A vote for fair play|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yT0EAAAAMBAJ&q=registerware&pg=PA68|journal=[[InfoWorld]]|publisher=InfoWorld Media Group|volume=24|issue=46|doi=|issn=0199-6649|pmid=|access-date=}}</ref>
=== Creative Commons licenses ===
{{Disputed section|Creative Commons Licenses not for Software|date=May 2018}}The [[Creative Commons]] offer [[Creative Commons license|licenses]], applicable to all by copyright governed works including software,<ref>{{cite web|date=January 9, 2008|title=Creative Commons Legal Code|url=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/au/legalcode|publisher=[[Creative Commons]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211175916/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/au/legalcode|archivedate=February 11, 2010|accessdate=February 22, 2010|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> which allow a developer to define "freeware" in a legal safe and internationally law domains respecting way.<ref>{{cite web|last=Peters|first=Diane|date=November 25, 2013|title=CC's Next Generation Licenses — Welcome Version 4.0!|url=https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/40768|work=Creative Commons|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126124736/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/40768|archivedate=November 26, 2013|accessdate=November 26, 2013|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|year=2013|title=What's new in 4.0?|url=https://creativecommons.org/Version4|work=Creative Commons|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129150056/http://creativecommons.org/Version4|archivedate=November 29, 2013|accessdate=November 26, 2013|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=September 25, 2011|title=CC 4.0, an end to porting Creative Commons licences?|url=http://www.technollama.co.uk/cc-4-0-an-end-to-porting-creative-commons-licenses|publisher=TechnoLlama|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902134000/http://www.technollama.co.uk/cc-4-0-an-end-to-porting-creative-commons-licenses|archivedate=September 2, 2013|accessdate=August 11, 2013|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The typical freeware use case "share" can be further refined with Creative Commons restriction clauses like non-commerciality ([[CC BY-NC]]) or no-[[Derivative work|derivatives]] ([[CC BY-ND]]), see [[Creative Commons license#Seven regularly used licenses|description of licenses]].{{original research inline|date=May 2018}} There are [[:Kategori:Creative Commons-licensed video games|several usage examples]], for instance [[The White Chamber]], [[Mari0]] or [[Assault Cube]],<ref name="contentlicense">{{cite web|title=AssaultCube - License|url=http://assault.cubers.net/docs/license.html#entirepackage|work=assault.cubers.net|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225031357/http://assault.cubers.net/docs/license.html|archivedate=25 December 2010|accessdate=2011-01-30|quote=''AssaultCube is FREEWARE. [...]The content, code and images of the AssaultCube website and all documentation are licensed under "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported''|url-status=live}}</ref> all freeware by being [[CC BY-NC-SA]] licensed: free sharing allowed, selling not.
== Pembatasan ==
Freeware cannot economically rely on commercial promotion. In May 2015 advertising freeware on [[Google AdWords]] was restricted to "authoritative source"[s].<ref>{{cite web|title=Legal requirements|url=https://support.google.com/adwordspolicy/answer/6023676#uc|website=Advertising Policies Help|access-date=6 November 2016}}</ref> Thus web sites and [[Blog|blogs]] are the primary resource for information on which freeware is available, useful, and is not [[malware]]. However, there are also many [[Computer magazine|computer magazines]] or newspapers that provide ratings for freeware and include compact discs or other [[storage media]] containing freeware. Freeware is also often [[Bundled software|bundled]] with other products such as [[Digital camera|digital cameras]] or [[Image scanner|scanners]].
Freeware has been criticized as "unsustainable" because it requires a single entity to be responsible for updating and enhancing the product, which is then given away without charge.<ref name="freeisnot" /> Other freeware projects are simply released as [[one-off]] programs with no promise or expectation of further development. These may include [[source code]], as does free software, so that users can make any required or desired changes themselves, but this code remains subject to the license of the compiled executable and does not constitute free software.
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Perangkat lunak bebas]]
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== Pranala luar ==
* {{curlie|Computers/Software/Freeware}}
* [[freesoft:]] direktori yang diterbitkan oleh Yayasan Perangkat Lunak Bebas
{{software distribution}}
{{computer-stub}}
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