Keanekaragaman hayati: Perbedaan antara revisi

 

'''Keanekaragaman hayati''' atau '''biodiversitas''' adalah variasi dan [[Variabilitas genetik|variabilitas]] [[Kehidupan|kehidupan di Bumi]]. Keanekaragaman hayati biasanya merupakan ukuran variasi pada tingkat [[Genetika|genetik]], [[spesies]], dan [[ekosistem]].<ref name="UN">{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.pl/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/BIODIVERSITY_FACTSHEET.pdf |title=What is biodiversity? |publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]], World Conservation Monitoring Centre}}</ref> Biodiversitas daratan (terestrial) biasanya lebih besar di sekitar khatulistiwa,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gaston |first=Kevin J. |title=Global patterns in biodiversity|journal=Nature|date=11 May 2000 |volume=405 |issue=6783 |pages=220–227 |doi=10.1038/35012228 |pmid=10821282}}</ref> akibat [[iklim]] yang hangat dan [[Produksi primer|produktivitas primer]] ([[aliran energi]]) yang tinggi.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Field | first=Richard | author2=Hawkins, Bradford A. |author3=Cornell, Howard V. |author4=Currie, David J. |author5=Diniz-Filho, J. |others=Alexandre F.; Guégan, Jean-François; Kaufman, Dawn M.; Kerr, Jeremy T.; Mittelbach, Gary G.; Oberdorff, Thierry; O’Brien, Eileen M.; Turner, John R. G.|title=Spatial species-richness gradients across scales: a meta-analysis|journal=Journal of Biogeography|date=1 January 2009|volume=36|issue=1|pages=132–147|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01963.x| url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/fc7ef261a9e652f23b9638f14cc1ecbcb8cba086 }}</ref> Keanekaragaman hayati tidak terdistribusi secara merata di Bumi, dan paling bervariasi di daerah [[Tropika|tropis]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gaston|first=Kevin J.|url=https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0Bjp2o5CVnQC&oi=fnd&pg=PT6&dq=biodiversity&ots=Y02cZSibGx&sig=05jb5PGTllW1YN721tNuh9lYuN4#v=onepage&q=biodiversity&f=false|title=Biodiversity: An Introduction|last2=Spicer|first2=John I.|date=2013-04-22|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-68491-7|language=en}}</ref> Meskipun ekosistem [[hutan tropis]] hanya mencakup 10 persen dari permukaan Bumi, tapi ekosistem ini memiliki sekitar 90 persen spesies yang ada di dunia.<ref>Young, Anthony. "Global Environmental Outlook 3 (GEO-3): Past, Present and Future Perspectives."&nbsp;''The Geographical Journal'', vol. 169, 2003, p. 120.</ref> [[Biologi kelautan|Keanekaragaman hayati laut]] biasanya tertinggi di sepanjang pantai [[Samudra Pasifik]] bagian barat, tempat [[suhu permukaan laut]] paling tinggi, dan di pita [[lintang tengah]] di semua lautan. Keanekaragaman spesies juga dipengaruhi gradien lintang.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tittensor|first=Derek P.|author2=Mora, Camilo |title=Global patterns and predictors of marine biodiversity across taxa|journal=Nature|date=28 July 2010 |volume=466 |issue=7310 |pages=1098–1101 |doi=10.1038/nature09329|bibcode = 2010Natur.466.1098T|pmid=20668450|last3=Jetz|first3=Walter|last4=Lotze|first4=Heike K.|last5=Ricard|first5=Daniel|last6=Berghe|first6=Edward Vanden|last7=Worm|first7=Boris}}</ref> Keanekaragaman hayati umumnya cenderung mengelompok di [[Titik panas keanekaragaman hayati|titik panas]],<ref>{{cite journal | last=Myers | first=Norman | author2=Mittermeier, Russell A. | title=Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities | journal=Nature | date=24 February 2000|volume=403|issue=6772 | pages=853–858 | doi=10.1038/35002501|bibcode = 2000Natur.403..853M | pmid=10706275| last3=Mittermeier | first3=Cristina G. | last4=Da Fonseca | first4=Gustavo A. B. | last5=Kent | first5=Jennifer }}</ref> dan telah meningkat seiring waktu,<ref>{{cite journal|last=McPeek|first=Mark A.|author2=Brown, Jonathan M.|title=Clade Age and Not Diversification Rate Explains Species Richness among Animal Taxa|journal=The American Naturalist|date=1 April 2007|volume=169|issue=4|pages=E97–E106|doi=10.1086/512135|pmid=17427118|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f07b7ba205fe09a47b1e6c39bcb9c821db0d9de3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Peters|first=Shanan|title=Sepkoski's Online Genus Database|url=http://strata.geology.wisc.edu/jack/|publisher=University of Wisconsin-Madison|accessdate=10 April 2013}}</ref> tetapi kemungkinan akan melambat di masa depan.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rabosky|first=Daniel L.|title=Ecological limits and diversification rate: alternative paradigms to explain the variation in species richness among clades and regions|journal=Ecology Letters|date=1 August 2009|volume=12|issue=8|pages=735–743|doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01333.x|pmid=19558515|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/26c10cf5bab4e3b9dcc167fe0ef83e25d8332b53}}</ref>