Bahasa Iau: Perbedaan antara revisi

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{{distinguish|Foi language|Turu language|Yawa language}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Iau
|nativename=''Edopi, Turu''
|states=[[Indonesia]]
|region=[[WesternPapua New GuineaBarat]]
|speakers=2,100
|date=2000–2012
|ref=e18
|familycolor=PapuanPapua
|fam1=[[LakesBahasa Plaindataran languagesdanau|LakesDataran Plaindanau]]
|fam2=[[TarikuBahasa languagesTariku|Tariku]]
|dia1=Foi
|dia2=Turu
Baris 18 ⟶ 17:
|lc2=dbf|ld2=Edopi
|glotto=cent2110
|glottorefname=Central Tariku Tengah
}}
 
'''Iau''' (Iaw, Yau) oratau '''Turu''' isadalah abahasa [[Lakes Plain languages|Lakes Plain language]] of [[Westdari Papua (region)|West Papua]]Barat, [[Indonesia]], spokenyang bydituturkan aboutoleh sekitar 600 peopleorang. MostMayoritas speakerspenuturnya areadalah monolingual, anddan theirjumlahnya numberterus ismengalami growingpeningkatan. Other peoples in the western Lakes Plain area speak basic Iau. Iau is [[tonal language|tonal]].
 
==NamesNama anddan dialectsdialek==
Selain dikenal dengan nama Bahasa Iau, bahasa ini juga memiliki nama lain. Bahasa Iau dikenal sebagai Bahasa Urundi atau Bahasa Ururi. Bahasa ini juga dikenal dengan nama Bahasa Dosobou (Dou, Doufou) khususnya bagi pemakai dialek Edopi. Di Kabupaten Puncak Jaya, dialek Iau dituturkan di Bakusi, Duita, Fawi dan desa Vi yang berlokasi di antara Sungai Rouffaer dan Sungai Van Daalen di Distrik Fawi.<ref name="Ethnologue22-ID">{{cite web|date=2019|editor1-last=Eberhard|editor1-first=David M.|editor2-last=Simons|editor2-first=Gary F.|title=Indonesia languages|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ID/languages|work=[[Ethnologue]]: Languages of the World|publisher=[[SIL International]]|location=Dallas|editor3-last=Fennig|editor3-first=Charles D.|edition=22nd}}</ref>
Dialects are Foi (Poi), Turu, Edopi (Elopi), and Iau proper; these may be distinct enough to be considered separate languages. Foi is spoken on the large [[Tariku River]] (Rouffaer River), Turu on the [[Van Daalen River]], Iau proper between the rivers, and Edopi at the juncture of the Tariku and Kliki (Fou) rivers.
 
Bahasa Iau memiliki beberapa dialek, yakni dari dialek [[Foi]] (Poi), dialek [[Turu]], dialek [[Edopi]] (Elopi), dan dialek Iau itu sendiri. Foi dituturkan di area dekat [[Sungai Tariku]] (Sungai Rouffaer), Turu dituturkan di area dekat [[Sungai Van Daalen]], Iau di antara sungai-sungai tersebut dan Edopi di antara Sungai Tariku dan [[Sungai Kliki]] (Sungai Fou).<ref name="Ethnologue22-ID" />
Another name for the language is Urundi ~ Ururi. Dosobou (Dou, Doufou) is specifically Edopi.
 
==Fonologi==
In [[Puncak Jaya Regency]], Iau dialects are spoken in Bakusi, Duita, Fawi, and Fi villages, located between the [[Rouffaer River]] and [[Van Daalen River]] in Fawi District.<ref name="Ethnologue22-ID">{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/ID/languages |title=Indonesia languages |work=[[Ethnologue]]: Languages of the World |edition=22nd |editor1-last=Eberhard |editor1-first=David M. |editor2-last=Simons |editor2-first=Gary F. |editor3-last=Fennig |editor3-first=Charles D. |date=2019 |location=Dallas |publisher=[[SIL International]]}}</ref>
[[Fonologi]] Bahasa Iau berdasarkan Bateman (1990a) adalah sebagai berikut<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bateman|first=Janet|date=1990|title=NUSA: Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia|url=http://sealang.net/archives/nusa/pdf/nusa-v32-p29-42.pdf|journal=Iau segmental and tone phonology|volume=|issue=|pages=29-42|doi=}}</ref>:
 
==Phonology=Konsonan===
The following discussion is based on Bateman (1990a).
 
===Consonants===
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Fonem Consonantkonsonan phonemes ofBahasa Iau
|-
!
![[LabialKonsonan consonantlabial|Labial]]
![[CoronalKonsonan consonantkoronal|CoronalKoronal]]
![[VelarKonsonan consonantlangit-langit belakang|Velar]]
|-
!Berhenti
![[Stop consonant|Stop]]
|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|t}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|k}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
|-
! [[Frikatif]]
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|{{IPA link|f}}
|{{IPA link|s|s}}
Baris 55 ⟶ 52:
|}
 
Bahasa Iau memiliki 6 huruf konsonan, yakni /t (dental), d/ (dental), /s/ (alveolar), /b (impolisif), d/ (implosif) dan /f/.
There are six consonants. /t d/ are dental; /s/ is alveolar. /b d/ are implosive, and may be realized as nasals before the low nasal vowel /ã/. /d/ may also be realized as the liquid [l].
 
===Vokal===
/f/ is pronounced [ɸ]~[h] word-initially, or as [x] before the high nonback vowels /i ɨ/. The labial allophone [ɸ] is preferred in the Foi dialect; the glottal allophone [h] is preferred in Turu. It is always pronounced [h] word-medially and as an unreleased plosive [p̚] word-finally. /f/ is the only consonant that can occur word-finally.
 
===Vowels===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
! Depan
! [[FrontVokal voweltengah|FrontTengah]]
! Belakang
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Fricative vowel|Fricated]]
| i̝
|
|
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}}
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [[Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
| {{IPA link|ɪ}}
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|ʊ}}
|-
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|ɔ}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|ã}}
Baris 93 ⟶ 82:
|}
 
Vokal rendah selalu dibuat sengau, kecuali ketika membentuk diftong. T
The low vowel is always nasalized, except when it is a component of a diphthong. The open-mid front vowel varies between [e], [ɛ], and [æ].
 
Diftong dalam Bahasa Iau adalah sebagai berikut:
The following diphthongs exist:
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
Baris 146 ⟶ 135:
|
|}
Bahasa Iau tidak memiliki diftong yang dimulai oleh huruf /ɪ i i̝/ atau diakhiri oleh huruf /a ɔ/. Bahasa Iau juga memiliki dua triftong yakni /aui/ and /aʊɪ/.
No diphthongs begin with /ɪ i i̝/ or end in /a ɔ/.
 
=== Nada ===
There are two triphthongs: /aui/ and /aʊɪ/. The back components of these triphthongs are realized as unrounded.
Iau adalah bahasa tonal yang paling kompleks dalam Bahasa Dataran Danau di Papua. Tidak seperti bahasa dataran danau lainnya yang biasanya dwisuku ataupun trisuku, struktur kata dalam Bahasa Iau biasanya terdiri dari satu suku kata. Bahasa Iau memiliki 8 nada fonemik yang ditranskripkan oleh Bateman menggunakan [[nada Chao]] yang biasanya digunakan pada bahasa-bahasa di Asia Timur. Secara fonetik, nada-nada dalam Bahasa Iau adalah sebagai berikut:<ref name="Foley-NWNG" />
*tinggi ''(high)'' (44)
*menengah ''(mid)'' (33)
*meningkat-tinggi ''(high-rising)'' (45)
*rendah-meningkat ''(low-rising)'' (23)
*tinggi ke menurun rendah ''(high-to-low-falling)'' (42)
*tinggi ke menurun menengah ''(high-to-mid-falling)'' (43)
*menengah ke menurun rendah ''(mid-to-low-falling)'' (32)
*menurun-meningkat ''(falling-rising)'' (423)<ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{cite book |last=Foley |first=William A. |authorlink=William A. Foley |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=433-568 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>
 
=== SyllablesBibliografi ===
Syllables consist minimally of a vowel. They may include a single onset consonant and/or a single coda consonant. Diphthongs and triphthongs are attested. The template is (C)(V)V(V)(C). The tone-bearing unit is the syllable.
 
=== Stress ===
Stress in Iau is predictable: it falls on the final syllable of disyllabic words. (Words may not be longer than two syllables.) The interaction between stress and tone is not clear.
 
=== Tone ===
Iau is the most tonally complex Lakes Plain language. Unlike other Lakes Plain languages which can be disyllabic or trisyllabic, Iau word structure is predominantly monosyllabic. Iau has eight phonemic tones, transcribed by Bateman using numerical [[Chao Tones|Chao tones]] (usually used with East Asian languages): two level tones (low and high), two rising tones (low rising and high rising), three falling tones (high-low, high-mid, and mid-low), and one falling-rising tone. Phonetically, these are:<ref name="Foley-NWNG"/>
*high (44)
*mid (33)
*high-rising (45)
*low-rising (23)
*high-to-low-falling (42)
*high-to-mid-falling (43)
*mid-to-low-falling (32)
*falling-rising (423)
 
A sequence of two tones (called a tone cluster) may occur on one syllable. There are eleven tone clusters that can occur on verbs to mark aspect; only three of these can occur on nouns.
 
Some [[minimal pair|minimal sets]] in Iau illustrating phonemic tonal contrasts:<ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{cite book |last=Foley |first=William A. |authorlink=William A. Foley |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=433-568 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>
 
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
*be⁴⁴ ‘father-in-law’
*be³³ ‘fire’
*be⁴⁵ ‘snake’
*be²³ ‘path’
*be⁴² ‘thorn’
*be⁴³ ‘flower’
*be³² ‘small eel’
*be⁴²³ ‘tree fern’
{{col-break}}
*te⁴⁴ ‘pig wallow’
*te³³ ‘mosquito’
*te⁴⁵ ‘man’
*te²³ ‘edible tuber’
*te⁴² ‘calf of leg’
*te⁴³ ‘inlet of body of water’
*te³² ‘flooring’
{{col-end}}
 
Tone is only lexical on nouns; the lexical forms of verbs are unmarked for tone, and each tone represents a different aspect. The complex system of aspectual marking via tone is discussed in Bateman (1986).
 
====Aspect====
Iau also displays complex tonal verb morphology. Verbal roots do not have any inherent tone, but tone is used to mark [[grammatical aspect|aspect]] on verbs. Example paradigms:<ref name="Foley-NWNG"/>
:{| {{table}}
! Tone !! Aspect !! ba ‘come’ !! tai ‘moving s.t. toward’ !! da ‘locate s.t. inside’
|-
| tone 44 || totality of action, punctual || ba⁴⁴ ‘came’ || tai⁴⁴ ‘pulled’ || da⁴⁴ ‘ate, put it in (stomach)’
|-
| tone 33 || resultative durative || ba³³ ‘has come’ || tai³³ ‘has been pulled off’ || da³³ ‘has been loaded onto s.t.’
|-
| tone 45 || totality of action, incomplete || ba⁴⁵ ‘might come’ || tai⁴⁵ ‘might pull’ ||
|-
| tone 23 || resultative punctual || ba²³ ‘came to get’ || tai²³ ‘land on s.t.’ || da²³ ‘dip into water, wash s.t.’
|-
| tone 42 || [[telicity|telic]] punctual || ba⁴² ‘came to end’ || tai⁴² ‘fell to ground’ || da⁴² ‘eaten it all up’
|-
| tone 43 || telic, incomplete || ba⁴³ ‘still coming’ || tai⁴³ ‘still falling’ || da⁴³ ‘still eating it up’
|-
| tone 32 || totality of action, durative || ba³² ‘be coming’ || tai³² ‘be pulling’ ||
|-
| tone 423 || telic durative || ba⁴²³ ‘sticking to’ || tai⁴²³ ‘be falling’ ||
|-
| || || || tai⁴⁵–³² ‘pull on s.t., shake hands’ ||
|-
| || || || tai⁴⁵–³³ ‘have pulled s.t., shook hands’ ||
|}
 
====Mood====
Tonal alternations can also serve as final [[grammatical mood|mood]] and speech act particles.<ref name="Foley-NWNG"/>
*''tone 44'': speaker assumes the information is correct (such as rhetorical questions)
*''tone 32'': speaker asks a question to confirm what he believes is true (such as yes-no questions)
*''tone 43'': speaker is uncertain about the actual state of affairs
 
Example sentences:<ref name="Foley-Typology">{{cite book |last=Foley |first=William A. |authorlink=William A. Foley |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The morphosyntactic typology of Papuan languages |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=895-938 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>
 
(1)
:{|
| a⁴³ || ty⁴⁵ || bi⁴⁵e⁴⁴ || a⁴⁵se⁴⁴ || u²³ || di⁴⁴ || '''be⁴⁴'''?
|-
| father || people || {{sc|PN}} || {{sc|SEQ}} || before || kill.{{sc|TOTAL.PUNCT}} || '''{{sc|Q.FACT}}'''
|}
:‘So the people from Bie killed father first?’
 
(2)
:{|
| fv⁴⁵ || ba⁴⁵ || '''ba³²'''?
|-
| canoe || come.{{sc|TOTAL.INCOMPL}} || '''{{sc|Q.CONFIRM}}'''
|}
:‘Is the plane coming?’
 
(3)
:{|
| da⁴⁴ || a⁴²³ || tv⁴⁴ || '''be⁴³'''?
|-
|2.{{sc|PL}} || land || travel.{{sc|TOTAL.PUNCT}} || '''{{sc|Q.GUESS}}'''
|}
:‘(I’m guessing) did you (pl) go by land?’
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
*Bateman, Janet. 1982. The topic-comment construction in Iau. In Marit Kana (ed.), ''Workpapers in Indonesian linguistics'', vol. 1, 28–49. Irian Jaya, Indonesian: Universitas Cenderawasih.
*Bateman, Janet. 1986. Iau verb morphology. ''NUSA: Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia'' 26. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya. 1–76. http://sealang.net/archives/nusa/pdf/nusa-v26.pdf<nowiki/>
*Bateman, Janet. 1990a. Iau segmental and tone phonology. ''NUSA: Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia'' 32. 29–42. http://sealang.net/archives/nusa/pdf/nusa-v32-p29-42.pdf
*Bateman, Janet. 1990b. Pragmatic functions of the tone morphemes on illocutionary force particles in Iau. ''NUSA: Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia'' 32. 1–28.
*Edmondson, A., Janet Bateman & Helen Miehle. 1992. Tone contours and tone clusters in Iau. ''Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on the Typology of Tone Languages'', vol. 18, 92–103. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society. http://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/BLS/article/viewFile/1544/1327<nowiki/>
 
{{Languages of Indonesia}}
== Referensi ==
{{Lakes Plain languages}}
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Tonal languages]]
*
[[Category:Languages of western New Guinea]]
[[CategoryKategori:TarikuBahasa languagesdi Papua]]