Isa: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan |
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan |
||
Baris 249:
Al-Qur'an menyebutkan Maryam sebagai "saudari Harun".<ref>Maryam (19): 28</ref> Lantaran kata "saudari" bisa digunakan untuk merujuk pada hubungan kekerabatan dan keturunan yang lebih jauh dan luas, beberapa cendekiawan Muslim seperti Yusuf Ali dan Muhammad Asad berpendapat bahwa Maryam berasal dari suku Lewi.<ref>Yusuf Ali, ''The Holy Qur'ān: English Translation Of The Meaning And Commentary'', 1410 H, King Fahd Holy Qur'ān Printing Complex: Al-Madinah al-Munawarah, hlm. 860, catatan 2481.</ref><ref>M. Asad, ''The Message Of The Qur'an'', 1980, Dar al-Andalus: Gibraltar, hlm. 460, catatan 22.</ref> Bila mengacu pada pendapat ini, berarti Isa juga seorang Lewi secara biologis.
== Pengikut ==
Salah satu istilah masyhur yang digunakan untuk merujuk pada pengikut awal Isa adalah "Yudeo-Kristen". Para pengikut awal Isa menyebut diri mereka sendiri dengan "Sang Jalan" ({{lang|grc|ἡ ὁδός}} - ''hė hodós''), mungkin mengacu pada ayat dalam Tanakh, "Persiapkanlah di padang gurun jalan untuk Tuhan."<ref>{{Alkitab|Yesaya 40: 3}}</ref>{{sfn|Cwiekowski|1988|p=79-80}}{{sfn|Pao|2016|p=65}} Istilah Kristen (secara harfiah bermakna "pengikut Kristus") pertama kali digunakan dari masyarakat non-Yahudi kepada pengikut Isa di [[Antiokhia]].<ref>E. Peterson (1959), "Christianus." Dalam: ''Frühkirche, Judentum und Gnosis'', Penerbit: Herder, Freiburg, hlm. 353–372</ref>
Awalnya pengikut Isa seperti sekte atau gerakan keagamaan dalam tubuh Yahudi sebagaimana Farisi, Saduki, [[Eseni]], dan [[Zelot]].<ref name="Shiffman">{{cite web |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/how-jewish-christians-became-christians/ |title=How Jewish Christians Became Christians |last=Shiffman |first=Lawrence H. |date=2018 |website=My Jewish Learning}}</ref><ref name="JVL">{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/christianity-2 |title=Christianity: Severance from Judaism |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2008 |website=Jewish Virtual Library |publisher=American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise |access-date=17 December 2018 |quote=}}</ref> Komunitas ini awalnya terdiri dari bangsa Yahudi yang meyakini Isa sebagai mesias.<ref name="Shiffman"/><ref name="JVL"/> Mereka tetap menjalankan syariat Taurat dan tradisi Yahudi, seperti menyucikan hari Sabat, khitan, menjaga makanan kosher, dan kehadiran di sinagoga.<ref name="Judaeo-Christians">{{cite book |editor1-last=Tomson |editor1-first=Peter J. |editor2-last=Lambers-Petry |editor2-first=Doris |date=2003 |title=The Image of the Judaeo-Christians in Ancient Jewish and Christian Literature |location=[[Tübingen]] |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |page=162 |series=Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament |volume=158 |isbn=3-16-148094-5 |quote=}}</ref>
Saat pengikut Isa, kemudian disebut umat Kristen, semakin berkembang di kalangan ''[[goyim]]'' (bangsa non-Yahudi), tradisi mereka berkembang dan semakin terpisah dengan akar Yahudi mereka.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7LfL6E50ZWgC&pg=PA21&dq=%22who+were+the+Jewish+christians+%22+%22law+of+moses%22&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22who%20were%20the%20Jewish%20christians%20%22%20%22law%20of%20moses%22&f=false Keith Akers, ''The lost religion of Jesus: simple living and nonviolence in early Christianity'', Lantern Books, 2000] hlm. 21</ref><ref>Wylen, Stephen M., ''The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction'', Paulist Press (1995), {{ISBN|0-8091-3610-4}}, hlm. 190-192.</ref><ref>Dunn, James D.G., ''Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways, A.D. 70 to 135'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing (1999), {{ISBN|0-8028-4498-7}}, hlm. 33–34.</ref><ref>Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro & Gargola, Daniel J & Talbert, Richard John Alexander, ''The Romans: From Village to Empire'', Oxford University Press (2004), {{ISBN|0-19-511875-8}}, hlm. 426.</ref> Sejarawan masih memperdebatkan waktu saat Kristen benar-benar menjadi agama baru dan terpisah dari Yahudi. Sejarawan Amerika Shaye J. D. Cohen menyatakan bahwa "terpisahnya Kristen dari Yahudi adalah sebuah proses, bukan kejadian."{{sfn|Cohen|1987|p=228}} Kristen awal tidak lagi menjadi sekte Yahudi saat mereka tidak lagi menjalankan tradisi Yahudi, seperti khitan.{{sfn|Cohen|1987|p=168}}
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 266 ⟶ 273:
* {{cite book |last = Betz |first = Arnold Gottfried |chapter = Monotheism |editor1-last = Freedman |editor1-first = David Noel |editor2-last = Myer |editor2-first = Allen C. |title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible |publisher = Eerdmans |year = 2000 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA917#v=onepage&q=bible%20monotheism%20Betz&f=false |isbn = 9053565035 |ref = harv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Cox|first1=Steven L.|first2=Kendell H|last2=Easley|year=2007|title=Harmony of the Gospels|isbn=978-0-8054-9444-0 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=QjmwuFUksOQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false | ref=harv |publisher=B&H Publishing Group}}
* {{Citation | last =Cwiekowski | first =Frederick J. | year =1988 | title =The Beginnings of the Church | publisher =Paulist Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Cohen | first =Shaye J.D. | year =1987 | title =From the Maccabees to the Mishnah | publisher =The Westminster Press| isbn =0-664-25017-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Deedat |first1= Ahmed |authorlink=Ahmed Deedat |translator=Setiawan Budi Utomo |title=The Choice: Dialog Islam-Kristen |year=2007 |publisher=Pustaka Al-Kautsar |location=[[Jakarta]] |isbn=979-592-118-5 |url= |ref=harv}}
* {{citation|author=Geneva Press|date=2008|title=The Presbyterian Handbook for Pastors|url=https://books.google.com/?id=2RMFgUlGyxwC&pg=PA138&dq=Mary+Magdalene+Presbyterianism#v=onepage&q=Mary%20Magdalene&f=false|location=Louiseville, Kentucky|publisher=Geneva Press|isbn=978-0-664-50299-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ibnu Katsir |first1= |authorlink=Ibnu Katsir |translator=Muhammad Zaini |title=Kisah-Kisah Para Nabi |year=2014 |publisher=Insan Kamil Solo |location=[[Kota Surakarta|Surakarta]] |isbn=978-602-6247-11-7 |url= |ref=harv}}
* {{Citation | last =Pao |first =David W. | year =2016 | title =Acts and the Isaianic New Exodus | publisher =Wipf and Stock Publishers}}
* {{Cite book | last = Maier | first = Paul L. | chapter = Herod and the Infants of Bethlehem | editor1-last = Summers | editor1-first = Ray | editor2-last = Vardaman | editor2-first = Jerry | title = Chronos, Kairos, Christos II: Chronological, Nativity, and Religious Studies in Memory of Ray Summers | publisher = Mercer University Press | year = 1998 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/?id=mWnYvI5RdLMC&pg=PA169&dq=Herod+and+the+Infants+of+Bethlehem#v=onepage&q=Herod%20and%20the%20Infants%20of%20Bethlehem&f=false | isbn = 978-0-86554-582-3 | ref = harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Wellhausen | first = Julius | title = The Pharisees and the Sadducees | publisher = Mercer University Press | location = Macon | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-86554-729-2 | ref = harv}}
| |||