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=== Devosi-devosi kepada Bunda Maria ===
[[Konsili Trento]] menngobarkan kembali semangat hidup zuhud dan [[Penghormatan kepada Maria dalam Gereja Katolik|devosi-devosi kepada Bunda Maria]] dalam Gereja Katolik. Pada masa-masa [[Reformasi Protestan]], Gereja Katolik membela [[Mariologi Katolik Roma|keyakinan-keyakinannya tentang Bunda Maria]] terhadap pandangan-pandangan Protestan. Pada waktu yang sama, negara-negara Katolik [[perang Utsmaniyah di Eropa|berperang melawan Kekaisaran Turki Osmanli]] dan mampu berjaya karena keberkahan syafaat [[Maria|Santa Perawan Maria]]. Kemenangan yang diraih dalam [[Pertempuran Lepanto]] (1571) diyakini sebagai anugerah Allah berkat syafaat Bunda Maria "dan menandai awal kebangkitan devosi-devosi kepada Bunda Maria, [[Ratu Surga]] dan Bumi, serta peranannya selaku [[mediatrix]] (perantara) berbagai kasih karunia Allah".<ref>Otto Stegmüller, Barock, in Marienkunde, 1967 566</ref> [[Colloquium Marianum]], sebuah kelompok elit, maupun [[Sodalitas Santa Perawan Maria]] melandaskan kegiatan-kegiatannya pada pengamalan hidup lurus, jauh dari [[tujuh dosa pokok|dosa-dosa utama]].<!--
 
Sebagaimana telah ditetapkan [[Paus Paulus V]] menetapkan pada tahun 1617, danpada tahun 1622, [[Paus Gregorius XV]] menetapkan padabahwa tahunSanta 1622Perawan toMaria betidak inadmissibleterbukti todikandung state,tidak thattanpa thenoda. virginKetetapan wastersebut conceivedmendukung non-immaculate.keyakinan Supportingbahwa theSanta beliefPerawan thatMaria sheterlahir wastanpa born[[dosa withoutasal]] originalkarena sin,dilindungi throughrahmat theAllah intended(atau protection[[Dikandung ofTanpa God'sNoda|dikandung gracetanpa (aka Immaculate Conceptionnoda]]).{{Clarify|date=June 2009}} Pada tahun 1661, [[AlexanderPaus Aleksander VII]] declaredmemaklumkan inbahwa 1661,jiwa thatBunda theMaria soulbebas ofdari Marydosa wasasal. freePada fromtahun [[original sin]].1708, [[PopePaus ClementKlemens XI]] orderedmemerintahkan theagar feastsegenap ofGereja themerayakan pesta [[Immaculata]]Dikandung forTanpa theNoda|Santa wholePerawan ChurchMaria inDikandung 1708Tanpa Noda]]. The feast of theperayaan [[RosaryRosario]] wasdiperkenalkan introducedpada intahun 1716, thedan feastperayaan ofTujuh theDuka SevenMaria Sorrowsdiperkenalkan inpada tahun 1727. The [[AngelusDoa Malaikat Tuhan]] prayermendapat wasdukungan stronglybesar supported bydari [[PopePaus BenedictBenediktus XIII]] inpada tahun 1724, anddan bydari [[PopePaus BenedictBenediktus XIV]] inpada tahun 1742.<ref>F Zöpfl, Barocke Frömmigkeit, indalam Marienkunde, 577</ref> PopularAmalan-amalan Marianpenghormatan pietyterhadap wasBunda evenMaria moreyang colourfulberkembang anddi variedtengah thanmasyarakat evermenjadi before:lebih Numeroussemarak Mariandaripada yang sudah-sudah, yakni berbagai [[pilgrimageziarah]]s, ''Marianpenghormatan Salve''Bunda Maria, [[Catholicdevosi devotionsKatolik|devotiondevosi-devosi]]s, new''Salve MarianMaria'', [[Litany|litanieslitani]],-litani baru Mariankepada theatreBunda playsMaria, Mariansandiwara-sandiwara tentang Bunda Maria, [[hymnhimne|masah-madah pujian]]s kepada Bunda Maria, Mariandan [[processionprosesi]]s.-prosesi Marianpenghormatan [[FraternalBunda andMaria. serviceOrganisasi-organisasi organizations[[Persaudaraan|fraternitiespersaudaraan]] Bunda Maria, todayyang mostlysebagian defunctbesar kini sudah bubar, hadpernah millionsmemiliki ofberjuta-juta membersanggota.<ref>Zöpfl 579</ref>
 
[[File:Jacob Ferdinand Voet - Portrait of Innocenzo XI Odescalchi (cropped).jpeg|thumb|left|Sesudah Afterberabad-abad centuriesditentang of French oppositionPrancis, [[PopePaus InnocentInnonesensius XI|Paus Inosensius XI]] wasakhirnya beatifieddibeatifikasi byoleh [[Paus Pius XII]] inpada tahun 1956]]
 
=== Sekularisme Abad Pencerahan ===
===Enlightenment secularism===
[[Abad Pencerahan|Gerakan Pencerahan]] merupakan tantangan baru bagi Gereja. Berbeda dengan [[Reformasi Protestan]] yang mempertanyakan doktrin-doktrin Kristen tertentu, gerakan Pencerahan mempertanyakan agama Kristen secara meyeluruh. Pada umumnya gerakan Pencerahan menempatkan [[akal|akal budi]] manusia di atas [[wahyu]] ilahi, dan mengecilkan kewenangan-kewenangan agamawi yang berlandaskan wahyu ilahi seperti [[Paus (Gereja Katolik)|lembaga kepausan]].<ref>Lortz, IV, 7–11</ref> Di lain pihak, Gereja berusaha membendung [[Galikanisme]] dan [[Konsiliarisme]], ideologi-ideologi yang mengancam lembaga kepausan maupun struktur Gereja.<ref>Duffy 188–189</ref><!--
The [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] constituted a new challenge of the Church. Unlike the [[Protestant Reformation]], which questioned certain Christian doctrines, the enlightenment questioned Christianity as a whole. Generally, it elevated human [[reason]] above divine [[revelation]] and down-graded religious authorities such as the [[papacy]] based on it.<ref>Lortz, IV, 7–11</ref> Parallel the Church attempted to fend off [[Gallicanism]] and [[Councilarism]], ideologies which threatened the papacy and structure of the Church.<ref>Duffy 188–189</ref>
 
Toward the latter part of the 17th century, [[Pope Innocent XI]] viewed the increasing Turkish attacks against Europe, which were supported by France, as the major threat for the Church. He built a Polish-Austrian coalition for the Turkish defeat at Vienna in 1683. Scholars have called him a saintly pope because he reformed abuses by the Church, including [[simony]], [[nepotism]] and the lavish papal expenditures that had caused him to inherit a papal debt of 50,000,000&nbsp;[[Italian scudo|scudi]]. By eliminating certain honorary posts and introducing new fiscal policies, Innocent XI was able to regain control of the church's finances.<ref name="Duffy188"/> [[Pope Innocent X|Innocent X]] and [[Pope Clement XI|Clement XI]] battled [[Jansenism]] and [[Gallicanism]], which supported [[Conciliarism]], and rejected papal primacy, demanding special concessions for the Church in France. This weakened the Church's ability to respond to [[Gallicanism|gallicanist]] thinkers such as [[Denis Diderot]], who challenged fundamental doctrines of the Church.<ref name="Bokenkotter267">Bokenkotter, ''A Concise History of the Catholic Church'' (2004), pp. 267–9</ref>
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