Pembatasan sosial: Perbedaan antara revisi

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[[Berkas:Social distancing queueing for the supermarket J. Sainsbury's north London Coronavirus Covid 19 pandemic - 30 March 2020.jpg|jmpl|upright=1.5|Orang-orang mempraktikkan pembatasan sosial ketika mengantre untuk memasuki supermarket di [[London]] selama pandemi COVID-19 tahun 2020. Untuk memastikan para pembeli dapat menjaga jarak setibanya di toko, hanya sejumlah orang yang dibatasi dan diizinkan masuk sekaligus.]]
[[Berkas:Covid-19-Transmission-graphic-01.gif|jmpl|upright=1.5|Pembatasan sosial mengurangi tingkat penularan penyakit dan dapat menghentikan wabah.]]
'''Pembatasan sosial''' ({{lang-en|social distancing}}), juga disebut '''pembatasan fisik''' (''physical distancing''),<ref name="WHO_20200320">{{cite web |title=COVID-19 |author-first1=Margaret |author-last1=Harris |author-first2=Tedros |author-last2=Adhanom Ghebreyesus |author-link2=Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus |author-first3=Tu |author-last3=Liu |author-first4=Michael "Mike" J. |author-last4=Ryan |author-link4=Michael J. Ryan (doctor) |author5=Vadia<!-- Nowruz, Iran --> |author-first6=Maria D. |author-last6=Van Kerkhove |author-link6=Maria D. Van Kerkhove |author7=Diego<!-- Vortex --> |author-first8=Imogen |author-last8=Foulkes |author-first9=Charles |author-last9=Ondelam |author-first10=Corinne |author-last10=Gretler |author11=Costas<!-- ERT, Greece --> |date=20 March 2020 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/transcripts/who-audio-emergencies-coronavirus-press-conference-full-20mar2020.pdf?sfvrsn=1eafbff_0 |access-date=29 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325084602/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/transcripts/who-audio-emergencies-coronavirus-press-conference-full-20mar2020.pdf?sfvrsn=1eafbff_0 |archive-date=25 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="Hensley_20200323">{{cite web |author-first=Laura |author-last=Hensley |title=Social distancing is out, physical distancing is in – here's how to do it |work=[[Global News]] |date=23 March 2020 |publisher=[[Corus Entertainment Inc.]] |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6717166/what-is-physical-distancing/ |access-date=29 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326180136/https://globalnews.ca/news/6717166/what-is-physical-distancing/ |archive-date=27 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="Venske_20200326">{{cite web |title=Die Wirkung von Sprache in Krisenzeiten |language=de |trans-title=The effect of language in times of crisis |date=26 March 2020 |editor-first=Andrea |editor-last=Schwyzer |author-first=Regula |author-last=Venske |author-link=:de:Regula Venske |type=Interview |publisher=[[Norddeutscher Rundfunk]] |series=NDR Kultur |url=https://www.ndr.de/kultur/Corona-Die-Wirkung-von-Sprache-in-Krisenzeiten,venske118.html |access-date=27 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327214038/https://www.ndr.de/kultur/Corona-Die-Wirkung-von-Sprache-in-Krisenzeiten,venske118.html |archive-date=27 March 2020}} (NB. Regula Venske is president of the [[PEN Centre Germany]].)</ref> adalah adalah serangkaian tindakan intervensi nonfarmasi yang dimaksudkan untuk [[pengendalian infeksi|mencegah penyebaran]] [[penyakit menular]] dengan menjaga jarak fisik antara satu orang dan orang lain serta mengurangi jumlah orang yang melakukan kontak dekat satu sama lain.<ref name="WHO_20200320"/><ref name="JohnsonSunFreedman 2020">{{Cite news |author-last1=Johnson |author-first1=Carolyn Y. |author-last2=Sun |author-first2=Lena |author-last3=Freedman |author-first3=Andrew |title=Social distancing could buy U.S. valuable time against coronavirus |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=10 March 2020 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/03/10/social-distancing-coronavirus/ |access-date=11 March 2020 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327163232/https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/03/10/social-distancing-coronavirus/ |archive-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> Tindakan ini biasanya dilakukan dengan menjaga jarak tertentu dari orang lain (jarak yang ditentukan mungkin berbeda dari waktu ke waktu dan dari satu negara kedengan negara lain) dan menghindari berkumpul bersama dalam kelompok besar.<ref name="Pearce2020"/><ref name="CDC22March2020"/>
 
Pembatasan sosial akan mengurangi kemungkinan kontak antara orang yang tidak terinfeksi dengan orang terinfeksi, sehingga dapat meminimalkan [[penularan penyakit]], dan terutama, [[mortalitas|kematian]].<ref name="WHO_20200320"/> Tindakan ini dikombinasikan dengan menerapkan [[higiene]] pernapasan yang baik dan kebiasaan [[mencuci tangan]] dalam suatu populasi.<ref name="WHO2May2009"/><ref name="gov.ukSD">{{Cite web |title= Guidance on social distancing for everyone in the UK |author-last= |author-first= |date= |website=GOV.UK |language=en |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-guidance-on-social-distancing-and-for-vulnerable-people/guidance-on-social-distancing-for-everyone-in-the-uk-and-protecting-older-people-and-vulnerable-adults |access-date= 29 March 2020 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200324214400/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-guidance-on-social-distancing-and-for-vulnerable-people/guidance-on-social-distancing-for-everyone-in-the-uk-and-protecting-older-people-and-vulnerable-adults |archive-date= 24 March 2020 }}</ref> Selama [[pandemi koronavirus 2019–2020]], [[Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]] (WHO) menyarankan penggunaan istilah "pembatasan fisik" dan bukan "pembatasan sosial", sesuai dengan fakta bahwa jarak fisikfisiklah yang mencegah penularan; sementara orang-orang dapat tetap terhubung secara sosial melalui teknologi.<ref name="WHO_20200320"/><ref name="Hensley_20200323"/><ref name="Tangermann_20200324">{{cite web |title= It's Officially Time to Stop Using The Phrase 'Social Distancing'<!-- The WHO Wants You to Ditch the Phrase "Social Distancing" --> |date= 24 March 2020 |orig-year= 2020-03-20 |author-first= Victor |author-last= Tangermann |work= science alert (Futurism / The Byte) |url= https://www.sciencealert.com/who-is-no-longer-using-the-phrase-social-distancing |access-date= 29 March 2020 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200326180149/https://www.sciencealert.com/who-is-no-longer-using-the-phrase-social-distancing |archive-date= 29 March 2020}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20200326180155/https://futurism.com/the-byte/who-ditch-phrase-social-distancing]</ref><ref name=Kumar>{{Cite journal|last= Kumar|first= Satyendra|date= 28 March 2020|title= Corona Virus Outbreak: Keep Physical Distancing, Not Social Distancing |language= en|location= Rochester, NY|ssrn= 3568435}}</ref> Untuk memperlambat penyebaran penyakit menular dan mencegah sistemfasilitas layanan kesehatan terbebani, khususnya selama [[pandemi]], beberapa tindakan pembatasan sosial diterapkan, termasuk penutupan sekolah dan tempat kerja, [[isolasi (medis)|isolasi]], [[karantina]], [[cordon sanitaire|pembatasan perjalanan orang]], dan pembatalan [[pertemuan massal]].<ref name="JohnsonSunFreedman 2020"/><ref name="cdc2007"/>
 
Meskipun istilah ini baru diperkenalkan pada abad ke-21,<ref>{{cite web |title=social distancing |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/social%20distancing |website=Merriam-Webster |accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref> langkah-langkah pembatasan sosial setidaknya telah ada sejak abad kelima SM. Salah satu rujukan paling awal tentang pembatasan sosial ditemukan dalam [[Kitab Imamat]], 13:46: "Dan penderita kusta yang terkena wabah itu … ia akan tinggal sendirian; [di luar] tempat tinggalnya".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Leviticus+13&version=AKJV|title=Bible Gateway passage: Leviticus 13 - Authorized (King James) Version|website=Bible Gateway}}</ref> Selama [[wabah Yustinianus]] dari tahun 541 hingga 542, kaisar [[Yustinianus I]] memberlakukan karantina yang tidak efektif padadi [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur]], termasuk membuang mayat ke laut; ia menyalahkan luasnya penyebaran terutama pada "[[orang Yahudi]], [[orang Samaria|Samaria]], [[paganisme|pagan]], [[arianisme|Arianis]], [[montanisme|Montanis]], dan [[homoseksualitas|homoseksual]]".<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last= Drews|first= Kelly|date= 1 May 2013|title= A Brief History of Quarantine|journal= The Virginia Tech Undergraduate Historical Review|language= en|volume= 2|doi= 10.21061/vtuhr.v2i0.16|issn= 2165-9915}}</ref> Pada zaman modern, langkah-langkah pembatasan sosial berhasil diterapkan dalam beberapa epidemi. Di Kota [[St. Louis, Missouri]], tak lama setelah kasus [[influenza]] pertama terdeteksikali dideteksi di kota tersebut selama [[pandemi flu 1918]], pihak berwenang menerapkanlangsung penutupanmenutup sekolah, melarang pertemuan publik, dan intervensi pembatasan sosial lainnya. Angka kematian kasus di St. Louis jauh lebih sedikit dibandingkan di Kota [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], yang meskipun memiliki kasus influenza, masih mengizinkan parade massal dan tidak melakukan pembatasan sosial sampai lebih dari dua minggu setelah temuan kasus pertama.<ref name="Ryan2008"/> Pihak berwenang telah mendorong atau memberi mandatperintah untuk melakukan pembatasan sosial selama pandemi COVID-19.
 
Pembatasan sosial lebih efektif dilakukan ketika infeksi menular melalui kontak [[percikan pernapasan]] atau ''droplet'' (seperti [[batuk]] atau [[bersin]]); kontak fisik langsung, termasuk kontakhubungal seksual; kontak fisik tidak langsung (misalnya dengan menyentuh permukaan yang terkontaminasi seperti [[fomit|''fomit'']]); atau [[Penyakit bawaan udara|penularan melalui udara]] (jika [[mikroorganisme]] dapat bertahan hidup di udara untuk waktu yang lama).<ref name="cidrap">{{cite web |title=Information About Social Distancing |date=2017 |website=www.cidrap.umn.edu |publisher=Public Health Department: [[Santa Clara Valley Health & Hospital System]] |url=http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/public/php/185/185_factsheet_social_distancing.pdf |access-date=17 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327162348/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/sites/default/files/public/php/185/185_factsheet_social_distancing.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> Pembatasan sosial kurang efektif dalam kasus ketika infeksi ditularkan terutama melalui [[Transmisi fekal–oral|air atau makanan yang terkontaminasi]] atau oleh [[vektor (biologi)|vektor]] seperti [[nyamuk]] atau serangga lain<ref name="CDCFeb2007">{{cite web |title= Interim Pre-Pandemic Planning Guidance: Community Strategy for Pandemic Influenza Mitigation in the United States – Early, Targeted, Layered Use of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions |publisher= [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |date= February 2007 |id= CS10848 |url= https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/pdf/community_mitigation-sm.pdf |access-date= 29 March 2020 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200319205055/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/pdf/community_mitigation-sm.pdf |archive-date= 19 March 2020}}</ref>
 
Kerugian dari pembatasan sosial dapat berupa [[kesepian]], berkurangnya [[produktivitas]], dan hilangnya manfaat lain yang berkaitan dengan [[Hubungan antarpribadi|interaksi manusia]].<ref name="Brooks26Feb2020"/>
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[[Pusat Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit Amerika Serikat]] (CDC) menggambarkan pembatasan sosial sebagai seperangkat "metode untuk mengurangi frekuensi dan kedekatan kontak di antara orang-orang untuk mengurangi risiko penularan penyakit".<ref name="cdc2007"/> Selama [[pandemi flu 2009]], WHO menggambarkan pembatasan sosial sebagai "menjaga jarak setidaknya satu lengan dari orang lain, [dan] meminimalkan pertemuan".<ref name="WHO2May2009">{{Cite web |title=Pandemic influenza prevention and mitigation in low resource communities |date=2 May 2009 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |url=https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/PI_summary_low_resource_02_05_2009.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=29 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref> Tindakan ini dikombinasikan dengan [[higiene]] pernapasan yang baik dan [[mencuci tangan]], dan dianggap sebagai cara yang paling layak untuk mengurangi atau menunda pandemi.<ref name="WHO2May2009"/><ref name="COVID-19 Infographic">{{cite web|title=Winning together: Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infographic|URL=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340025544_Winning_together_Novel_coronavirus_COVID-19_infographic|last=|first=|date=|website=[[ResearchGate]]|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=May 16, 2020}}</ref>
 
Selama pandemi COVID-19, CDC merevisi definisi pembatasan sosial sebagai "tetap berada di luar kondisi berkerumun, menghindari pertemuan massal, dan menjaga jarak (sekitar enam kaki atau dua meter) dari orang lain jika memungkinkan".<ref name="Pearce2020">{{Cite web |title=What is social distancing and how can it slow the spread of COVID-19? |author-last=Pearce |author-first=Katie |date=13 March 2020 |website=The Hub |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] |language=en |url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2020/03/13/what-is-social-distancing/ |access-date=29 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329184144/https://hub.jhu.edu/2020/03/13/what-is-social-distancing/ |archive-date=29 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name="CDC22March2020">{{Cite web |title=Risk Assessment and Management |date=22 March 2020 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |language=en-us |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/risk-assessment.html |access-date=29 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304230223/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/risk-assessment.html |archive-date=4 March 2020 }}</ref> Tidak jelas mengapa enam kaki yang ditetapkan dalam definisi tersebut. Studi terbaru menunjukkan bahwa percikan dari bersin atau pernapasan yang kuat selama kegiatan fisik dapat mencapai jarak enam meter.<ref name="IndoorAir2007">{{Cite news |last= Xie |first=X. |last2=Li |first2= Y. |last3= Chwang |first3=A. T. |last4=Ho |first4= P. L. |last5=Seto |first5= W. H. |title = How far droplets can move in indoor environments – revisiting the Wells evaporation–falling curve |date= June 2007 |journal= [[Indoor Air]] | volume= 17 |issue=3 |pages=211–25 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00469.x |pmid=17542834 }}</ref><ref name="IntEnv2020">{{Cite journal |last=Setti |first=L. |last2=Passarini |first2=F. |last3=De Gennaro|first3=G. |title= Airborne Transmission Route of COVID-19: Why 2 Meters/6 Feet of Inter-Personal Distance Could Not Be Enough |date=23 April 2020 |journal=[[Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health]] |volume= 17|issue=8 |pages=2932 |doi=10.3390/ijerph17082932 |pmid=32340347 }}</ref><ref name="MediumApr20">{{Cite news |last= Thoelen |first=J. |url=https://medium.com/@jurgenthoelen/belgian-dutch-study-why-in-times-of-covid-19-you-can-not-walk-run-bike-close-to-each-other-a5df19c77d08|title= Belgian-Dutch Study: Why in times of COVID-19 you should not walk/run/bike close behind each other. |date=8 April 2020 |work=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> Beberapa orang menduga jarak yang ditetapkan tersebut didasarkan pada penelitian dari tahun 1930-an dan 1940-an yang sudah dibantah<ref name="LiveSci03312020">{{Cite news |last= Letzter |first=R. |url= https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-six-feet-enough-social-distancing.html |title = Is 6 feet enough space for social distancing? Not everyone thinks that's enough distance. |date=31 March 2020 |work= [[Live Science]] |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> atau akibat kebingungan tentangdalam menggunakan unit pengukuran. Para peneliti dan penulis sains merekomendasikan pembatasan sosial yang lebih jauh<ref name="IntEnv2020"/><ref name="NYTimesApr1520">{{Cite news |last=Reynolds |first=G. |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/15/well/move/running-social-distancing.html |title= For Runners, Is 15 Feet the New 6 Feet for Social Distancing? When we walk briskly or run, air moves differently around us, increasing the space required to maintain a proper social distance. |date=15 April 2020 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="NYTimesApr1420a">{{Cite news |last= Sheikh |first=K. |last2=Gorman |first2=J.|last3= Chang |first3=K. |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/14/health/coronavirus-six-feet.html |title = Stay 6 Feet Apart, We're Told. But How Far Can Air Carry Coronavirus? Most of the big droplets travel a mere six feet. The role of tiny aerosols is the 'trillion-dollar question.' |date=14 April 2020 |work= [[New York Times]] |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> dan/atau memakai masker sekaligus membatasi jarak sosial.<ref name="IntEnv2020" /><ref name="MediumMar262020">{{Cite news |last=Huang |first=S. |url= https://medium.com/@Cancerwarrior/covid-19-why-we-should-all-wear-masks-there-is-new-scientific-rationale-280e08ceee71 |title= Why we should all wear masks – There is new scientific rationale. |date=26 March 2020 |work=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="ACAIM-WACEM COVID-19 Consensus Paper">{{cite web|title=The 2019–2020 Novel Coronavirus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) Pandemic: A Joint American College of Academic International Medicine‑World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine Multidisciplinary COVID‑19 Working Group Consensus Paper|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340903626_The_2019-2020_Novel_Coronavirus_Severe_Acute_Respiratory_Syndrome_Coronavirus_2_Pandemic_A_Joint_American_College_of_Academic_International_Medicine-World_Academic_Council_of_Emergency_Medicine_Multid|last=|first=|date=|website=[[ResearchGate]]|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=May 16, 2020}}</ref>
 
== Tindakan ==
{{see also|Meratakan kurva}}
Pemahaman bahwa suatu penyakit sedang beredar dapat memicu [[perubahan perilaku (kesehatan masyarakat)|perubahan perilaku]] orang-orang, yang memilih untuk menjauh dari tempat-tempat umum dan orang lain. Ketika diterapkan untuk mengendalikan epidemi, pembatasan sosial seperti ini dapat menghasilkan manfaat tetapi juga menimbulkan biayakerugian ekonomi. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tindakan ini harus diterapkan dengan segera dan secara ketat agar menjadi efektif.<ref name="Maharaj2012">{{cite journal |author-last1=Maharaj |author-first1=Savi |author-last2=Kleczkowski |author-first2=Adam |date=2012 |title=Controlling epidemic spread by social distancing: Do it well or not at all |journal=[[BioMed Central|BMC Public Health]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=679 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-12-679 |pmid=22905965 |pmc=3563464}}</ref> Beberapa langkah pembatasan sosial digunakan untuk mengendalikan penyebaran penyakit menular.<ref name="cdc2007">{{cite web |author-first1=Kathy |author-last1=Kinlaw |author-first2=Robert J. |author-last2=Levine |title=Ethical guidelines in Pandemic Influenza—Recommendations of the Ethics Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee to the Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |date=15 February 2007 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/od/science/integrity/phethics/docs/panflu_ethic_guidelines.pdf |access-date=23 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205095942/https://www.cdc.gov/od/science/integrity/phethics/docs/panflu_ethic_guidelines.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020}} (12 pages)</ref><ref name="cidrap"/><ref name="Pearce2020"/><ref name="ACAIM-WACEM COVID-19 Consensus Paper"/>
 
=== Menghindari kontak fisik ===
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Menjaga jarak setidaknya dua meter (enam kaki) (di [[Amerika Serikat]] atau [[Britania Raya]]) atau 1,5 meter (di [[Australia]]) atau 1 meter (di [[Prancis]] atau [[Italia]]) satu sama lain dan menghindari pelukan dan [[gestur]] yang melibatkan kontak fisik langsung, mengurangi risiko terinfeksi selama pandemi flu dan pandemi koronavirus pada tahun 2020.<ref name="Pearce2020"/><ref name="osha">{{cite web |title=Guidance on Preparing Workplaces for an Influenza Pandemic |id=OSHA 3327-02N 2007 |work=[[Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Labor]] |url=https://www.osha.gov/Publications/influenza_pandemic.html |access-date=18 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325141049/https://www.osha.gov/Publications/influenza_pandemic.html |archive-date=25 March 2020}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20200319163737/https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3327pandemic.pdf]</ref> Pemisahan jarak ini, selain langkah-langkah higiene pribadi, juga direkomendasikan di tempat kerja.<ref name="UofCh">{{Cite web |title=Social Distancing |publisher=Department of Safety & Security, [[The University of Chicago]] |date=2015 |website=safety-security.uchicago.edu |url=https://safety-security.uchicago.edu/emergency_management/all_hazard_safety_procedures/social_distancing/ |access-date=29 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324150358/https://safety-security.uchicago.edu/emergency_management/all_hazard_safety_procedures/social_distancing/ |archive-date=24 March 2020}}</ref> Jika memungkinkan, disarankan untuk [[kerja jarak jauh|bekerja dari rumah]].<ref name="gov.ukSD"/><ref name="ACAIM-WACEM COVID-19 Consensus Paper"/>
 
Berbagai alternatif diusulkan untuk menggantikan tradisi ber[[jabat tangan]]. Gerakan [[namaste]], menangkupkan kedua telapak tangan, mengarahkan jari-jari untuk menunjuk ke atas, dan menggambar bentuk jantung, adalah contohbeberapa alternatif tanpayang melibatkanbisa dilakukan tanpa sentuhanbersentuhan dengan orang lain. Selama [[pandemi koronavirus di Britania Raya]], gerakan ini digunakan oleh [[Charles, Pangeran Wales|Pangeran Charles]] saat menyambut tamu ketika resepsi, serta telah direkomendasikan oleh Direktur Jenderal WHO [[Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus]] dan Perdana Menteri Israel [[Benjamin Netanyahu]].<ref name="Barajas13March2020">{{Cite web |title=Joined palms, hands on hearts, Vulcan salutes: Saying hello in a no-handshake era |author-last1=Barajas |author-first1=Julia |author-last2=Etehad |author-first2=Melissa |date=13 March 2020 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-03-13/coronavirus-namaste-greetings-handshakes-noncontact |access-date=18 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327064424/https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-03-13/coronavirus-namaste-greetings-handshakes-noncontact |archive-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> Alternatif lain misalnya [[Lambaian|melambaikan tangan]], membuat [[Shaka (isyarat)|isyarat shaka]], dan meletakkan telapak tangan di jantung, seperti yang dilakukan di beberapa wilayah Iran.<ref name="Barajas13March2020"/>
 
<gallery>Berkas:Social Distancing in a Computer Lab.jpg|jmpl|upright=1.85|Di laboratorium komputer ini, setiap [[stasiun kerja]] telah ditutup untuk meningkatkan jarak antarpekerja.
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=== Penutupan sekolah ===
[[Berkas:Swineflu uk hpa model.svg|jmpl|ka|upright=1|Kasus flu babi per minggu di Britania Raya pada tahun 2009; sekolah biasanya [[diliburkan untuk musim panas|liburan musim panas]] pada pertengahan Juli dan dibuka kembali pada awal September.<ref name="HPApress">{{cite web |title=2009 Press Releases |date=24 December 2009 |publisher=[[Health Protection Agency]] |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100303155122/http://www.hpa.org.uk/HPA/NewsCentre/NationalPressReleases/2009PressReleases/ |access-date=24 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224065403/http://www.hpa.org.uk/HPA/NewsCentre/NationalPressReleases/2009PressReleases/ |archive-date=24 December 2009}}</ref>]]
Pemodelan matematika menunjukkan bahwa penyebaran wabah dapat ditunda dengan menutup sekolah. Namun, efektivitasnya tergantung pada kontak yang dilakukan anak-anak di luar sekolah. SeringkaliSering kali, salah satu orang tua harus mengambil cuti, dan penutupan yang berkepanjangan mungkin diperlukan. Faktor-faktor ini dapat mengakibatkan gangguan sosial dan ekonomi.<ref name="Zumla2010">{{Cite book |author-last1=Zumla |author-first1=Alimuddin |author-link1=Alimuddin Zumla |title=Emerging Respiratory Infections in the 21st Century, An Issue of Infectious Disease Clinics |author-last2=Yew |author-first2=Wing-Wai |author-last3=Hui |author-first3=David S. C. |date=31 August 2010 |publisher=[[Elsevier Health Sciences]] |volume=24 |number=3 |isbn=978-1-4557-0038-7 |pages=614 |language=en |url=https://books.google.com/?id=c9CQn9C4JaQC&pg=PA614 |access-date=29 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329195321/https://books.google.de/books?id=c9CQn9C4JaQC&pg=PA614&redir_esc=y |archive-date=29 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="CauchemezFerguson2009">{{cite journal |author-last1=Cauchemez |author-first1=Simon |author-last2=Ferguson |author-first2=Neil Morris |author-link2=Neil Ferguson (epidemiologist) |author-last3=Wachtel |author-first3=Claude |author-last4=Tegnell |author-first4=Anders |author-last5=Saour |author-first5=Guillaume |author-last6=Duncan |author-first6=Ben |author-last7=Nicoll |author-first7=Angus |title=Closure of schools during an influenza pandemic |journal=[[The Lancet Infectious Diseases]] |volume=9 |issue=8 |date=August 2009 |pages=473–481 |issn=1473-3099 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70176-8 |pmid=19628172 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S1473-3099%2809%2970176-8 |access-date=29 March 2020 |url-status=live|pmc=7106429 }}</ref>
 
=== Penutupan tempat kerja ===
Studi [[pemodelan dan simulasi]] berdasarkan data di AS menunjukkan bahwa jika 10% tempat kerja yang terdampak ditutup, tingkat penularan infeksi secara keseluruhan yaitu sekitar 11,9% dan waktu puncak epidemi sedikit tertunda. Sebaliknya, jika 33% tempat kerja yang terdampak ditutup, tingkat serangan berkurang menjadi 4,9%, dan waktu puncak tertunda selama satu minggu.<ref>{{cite journal |author-last1=Rousculp |author-first1=Matthew D. |author-last2=Johnston |author-first2=Stephen S. |author-last3=Palmer |author-first3=Liisa A. |author-last4=Chu |author-first4=Bong-Chul |author-last5=Mahadevia |author-first5=Parthiv J. |author-last6=Nichol |author-first6=Kristin L. |date=October 2010 |title=Attending Work While Sick: Implication of Flexible Sick Leave Policies |journal=[[Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine]] |volume=52 |issue=10 |pages=1009–1013 |doi=10.1097/jom.0b013e3181f43844 |pmid=20881626}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author-last1=Kumar |author-first1=Supriya |author-last2=Crouse Quinn |author-first2=Sandra |author-last3=Kim |author-first3=Kevin H. |author-last4=Daniel |author-first4=Laura H. |author-last5=Freimuth |author-first5=Vicki S. |title=The Impact of Workplace Policies and Other Social Factors on Self-Reported Influenza-Like Illness Incidence During the 2009 H1N1 Pandemic |date=January 2012 |journal=[[American Journal of Public Health]] |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=134–140 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2011.300307 |pmid=22095353 |pmc=3490553}}</ref> Penutupan tempat kerja termasuk penutupan bisnis dan layanan sosial "tidak pentingnonesensial" ("tidak penting" berartiartinya fasilitas tersebut tidak menjaga fungsi utama masyarakat, sebagai lawan dari [[layanan penting|layanan esensial]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Distancing Support Guidelines For Pandemic Readiness |publisher=[[Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment]] |date=March 2008 |url=https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/sites/default/files/OEPR_Guidelines-for-Social-Distancing-Pandemic-Readiness.pdf |access-date=13 February 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213001535/https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/sites/default/files/OEPR_Guidelines-for-Social-Distancing-Pandemic-Readiness.pdf |archive-date=13 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="ACAIM-WACEM COVID-19 Consensus Paper"/>
 
=== Pembatalan pertemuan massal ===
Baris 51:
=== Karantina ===
{{main|Karantina}}
Selama wabah [[SARS]] 2003 di [[Singapura]], sekitar 8.000 orang menjadi sasaran karantina rumah wajib dan 4.300 lainnya diminta untuk memantau sendiri gejalanya dan menelpon petugas kesehatan setiap hari sebagai cara mengendalikan epidemi. Meskipun hanya 58 dari orang-orang ini yang akhirnya didiagnosis dengan SARS, pejabat kesehatan masyarakat puas bahwa tindakan ini membantu dalam mencegah penyebaran infeksi lebih lanjut.<ref>{{cite journal |author-first=Chorh-Chuan |author-last=Tan |author-link=Tan Chorh Chuan |url=http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/sites/default/files/downloads/sars_outbreak_lessons.pdf |pmid=16830002 |title=SARS in Singapore—Key Lessons from an Epidemic |journal=Annals Academy of Medicine |date=May 2006 |volume=35 |number=5 |pages=345–349 |access-date=23 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424174153/http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/sites/default/files/downloads/sars_outbreak_lessons.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Isolasi diri secara sukarela mungkin telah membantu mengurangi penularan influenza di [[Texas]] pada tahun 2009.<ref>{{cite journal |author-last1=Teh |author-first1=Benjamin |author-last2=Olsen |author-first2=Karen |author-last3=Black |author-first3=Jim |author-last4=Cheng |author-first4=Allen C. |author-last5=Aboltins |author-first5=Craig |author-last6=Bull |author-first6=Kirstin |author-first7=Paul D. R. |author-last7=Johnson |author-first8=M. Lindsay |author-last8=Grayson |author-first9=Joseph |author-last9=Torresi |title=Impact of swine influenza and quarantine measures on patients and households during the H1N1/09 pandemic |date=2012 |orig-year=2011-11-22, 2011-09-26, 29 June 2011 |journal=[[Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases]] |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=289–296 |doi=10.3109/00365548.2011.631572 |pmid=22106922}}</ref> Efek psikologis negatif jangka pendek dan jangka panjang telah dilaporkan.<ref name="Brooks26Feb2020">{{Cite journal |author-last1=Brooks |author-first1=Samantha K. |author-last2=Webster |author-first2=Rebecca K. |author-last3=Smith |author-first3=Louise E. |author-last4=Woodland |author-first4=Lisa |author-last5=Wessely |author-first5=Simon |author-link5=Simon Wessely |author-last6=Greenberg |author-first6=Neil |author-link6=Neil Greenberg |author-last7=Rubin |author-first7=Gideon James |date=14 March 2020 |title=The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence |url=https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2820%2930460-8 |journal=[[The Lancet]] |language=en |volume=395 |issue=10227 |pages=912–920 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=32112714 |pmc=7158942 |access-date=20 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313220120/https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2820%2930460-8 |archive-date=13 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
== Perintah untuk tinggal di rumah ==
Baris 70:
 
== Kerugian ==
Ada kekhawatiran bahwa pembatasan sosial dapat berdampak buruk pada kesehatan mental partisipannya..<ref name="ACAIM-WACEM COVID-19 Consensus Paper"/><ref>{{Cite newspaper |title=Social distancing can strain mental health. Here's how you can protect yourself. |author-last=Ao |author-first=Bethany |newspaper=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |language=en-US |date=19 March 2020 |url=https://www.inquirer.com/health/coronavirus/coronavirus-mental-health-social-distancing-20200319.html |access-date=24 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326073833/https://www.inquirer.com/health/coronavirus/coronavirus-mental-health-social-distancing-20200319.html |archive-date=26 March 2020}}</ref> Tindakan ini dapat mengakibatkan [[stres fisiologis|stres]], [[kegelisahan]], [[depresi (psikologi)|depresi]], atau panik, terutama bagi orang-orang yang sudah memiliki kondisi psikologis sebelumnya seperti [[gangguan kecemasan]], [[gangguan kompulsif–obsesif]], dan [[paranoid]].<ref name="ACAIM-WACEM COVID-19 Consensus Paper"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stress and Coping |series=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) |date=23 March 2020 |orig-year=2020-02-11 |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |language=en-us |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/managing-stress-anxiety.html |access-date=24 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329113040/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/daily-life-coping/managing-stress-anxiety.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fprepare%2Fmanaging-stress-anxiety.html |archive-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> Liputan media yang luas tentang pandemi, dampaknya terhadap ekonomi, dan kesulitan yang ditimbulkannya dapat menciptakan kecemasan. Perubahan dalam situasi sehari-hari dan ketidakpastian tentang masa depan dapat menambah tekanan mental untuk menjauh dari orang lain.<ref name="ACAIM-WACEM COVID-19 Consensus Paper"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Coronavirus: Social distancing and isolation can take a toll on your mental health, here's how some people are coping—Managing mental health in the time of coronavirus |author-last=Willis |author-first=Olivia |date=22 March 2020 |work=[[ABC News]] |language=en-AU |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/health/2020-03-22/mental-health-coronavirus-quarantine-self-isolation/12078550 |access-date=24 March 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328041752/https://www.abc.net.au/news/health/2020-03-22/mental-health-coronavirus-quarantine-self-isolation/12078550 |archive-date=28 March 2020}}</ref>
 
== Dasar teori ==