Aksara Sunda: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Hampir seluruh papan nama jalan di [[Kota Bogor]] dan [[Kota Bandung]] juga menggunakan bahasa Sunda dengan aksara Sunda baku di bawah nama dalam bahasa Indonesia/alfabet Latin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://poskotanews.com/2012/11/13/nama-jalan-di-bogor-ditulis-dengan-aksara-sunda/|title=Nama Jalan di Bogor Ditulis Dengan Aksara Sunda|date=2012-11-13|website=Poskota News|language=en|access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jabar.tribunnews.com/2016/01/26/terkait-papan-nama-jalan-beraksara-sunda-dbmp-punya-dua-opsi|title=Terkait Papan Nama Jalan Beraksara Sunda, DBMP Punya Dua Opsi|website=Tribun Jabar|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jabar.tribunnews.com/2016/01/26/sukarno-jadi-soekaarano-satu-contoh-salah-papan-nama-jalan-beraksara-sunda|title=Sukarno Jadi Soekaarano, Satu Contoh Salah Papan Nama Jalan Beraksara Sunda|website=Tribun Jabar|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-07-14}}</ref>
==Typology==
The standardized script has 32 basic characters, consists of 7 ''aksara swara'' (independent vowels): ''a, é, i, o, u, e,'' and ''eu'', and 23 ''aksara ngalagéna'' (consonants with vowel a): ''ka-ga-nga'', ''ca-ja-nya'', ''ta-da-na'', ''pa-ba-ma'', ''ya-ra-la'', ''wa-sa-ha'', ''<u>fa</u>-<u>va</u>-<u>qa</u>-<u>xa</u>-<u>za</u>''.
The additional five sounds to the ''ngalagena'' characters were added to fulfill the purpose of Sundanese script as tool for recording the development of Sundanese language, especially by absorption of foreign words and sounds. However, the glyphs for the new characters are not new, but reusing several variants in old Sundanese script, for example: the glyphs for ''fa'' and ''va'' are variants of Old Sundanese ''pa'', the glyphs for ''qa'' and ''xa'' are variants of Old Sundanese ''ka'', and the glyph for ''za'' is a variant of Old Sundanese ''ja''.
There are two non-standard sounds, ''kha'' and ''sha,'' for writing foreign Arabic consonants ⟨خ⟩ and ⟨ش⟩. These are considered non-standard because their usage only supported by few Sundanese people.
There are also ''rarangkén'' or attachments for removing, modifying, or adding vowel or consonant sound to the base characters. 13 ''rarangkén'' based on the position to the base can be categorized into three groups: (1) five ''rarangkén'' above the base characters, (2) three ''rarangkén'' below the base characters, and (3) five ''rarangkén'' inline the base characters. In addition, there are glyphs for number characters, from zero to nine.
Graphically, ''ngalagena'' characters including ''rarangkén'' have angle 45° – 75°. In general, the dimension ratio (height:width) is 4:4, except for the ''ngalagena'' character ''ra'' (4:3), ''ba'' and ''nya'' (4:6), and the ''swara'' character ''i'' (4:3). ''Rarangkén have'' dimension ratio 2:2, except for ''panyecek'' (1:1), ''panglayar'' (4:2), ''panyakra'' (2:4), ''pamaéh'' (4:2) and ''pamingkal'' (2:4 bottom-side, 3:2 right-side). Numbers have ratio 4:4, except for number ''4'' and ''5'' (4:3).
===''Aksara Swara'' {{sund|(ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮭᮛ)}}===
[[File:sundanese-vocals.svg|thumb|Graphical representation]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" border="1"
| {{Sund|ᮃ}} = a|| {{Sund|ᮆ}} = é || {{Sund|ᮄ}} = i || {{Sund|ᮇ}} = o
|-
| {{Sund|ᮅ}} = u || {{Sund|ᮈ}} = e || {{Sund|ᮉ}} = [[Close-mid back unrounded vowel|eu]]
|}
===''Aksara Ngalagéna'' {{sund|(ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮍᮜᮌᮨᮔ)}}===
[[File:sundanese-consonants.svg|thumb|Graphical representation]]
'''''Aksara ngalagéna'' from the Sundanese language'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" border="1"
| {{Sund|ᮊ}} = ka|| {{Sund|ᮌ}} = ga || {{Sund|ᮍ}} = nga
|-
| {{Sund|ᮎ}} = ca || {{Sund|ᮏ}} = ja || {{Sund|ᮑ}} = nya
|-
| {{Sund|ᮒ}} = ta || {{Sund|ᮓ}} = da || {{Sund|ᮔ}} = na
|-
| {{Sund|ᮕ}} = pa || {{Sund|ᮘ}} = ba || {{Sund|ᮙ}} = ma
|-
| {{Sund|ᮚ}} = ya || {{Sund|ᮛ}} = ra || {{Sund|ᮜ}} = la
|-
| {{Sund|ᮝ}} = wa || {{Sund|ᮞ}} = sa || {{Sund|ᮠ}} = ha
|}
'''''Aksara ngalagéna'' for writing foreign words'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" border="1"
| {{Sund|ᮖ}} = fa || {{Sund|ᮋ}} = qa || {{Sund|ᮗ}} = va || {{Sund|ᮟ}} = xa || {{Sund|ᮐ}} = za
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" border="1"
| {{Sund|ᮮ}} = kha || {{Sund|ᮯ}} = sya
|}
===''Rarangkén'' {{sund|(ᮛᮛᮀᮊᮦᮔ᮪)}}===
Based on their location to the base glyph, 14 ''rarangkén'' can be categorized as:
*''Rarangkén'' above the base glyph = 5 kinds
*''Rarangkén'' below the base glyph = 2 kinds
*''Rarangkén'' inline the base glyph = 6 kinds
'''a. ''Rarangkén'' above the base glyph'''
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
| {{Sund| ᮤ}} ||''Panghulu'', modifies the vowel /a/ to /i/.
Example: {{Sund|ᮊᮤ}} (ki)
|-
| {{Sund| ᮨ}} ||''Pamepet'', modifies the vowel /a/ to /e/.
Example: {{Sund|ᮊᮨ}} (ke)
|-
| {{Sund| ᮩ}} ||''Paneuleung'', modifies the vowel /a/ to /ɤ/.
Example: {{Sund|ᮊᮩ}} (keu)
|-
| {{Sund| ᮁ}} ||''Panglayar'', adds a final /r/ to the base sound.
Example: {{Sund|ᮊᮁ}} (kar)
|-
| {{Sund| ᮀ}} ||''Panyecek'', adds a final /ŋ/ to the base sound.
Example: {{Sund|ᮊᮀ}} (kang)
|}
'''b. ''Rarangkén'' below the base glyph'''
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
| {{Sund| ᮥ}} ||''Panyuku'', modifies the vowel /a/ to /u/.
Example: {{Sund|ᮊᮣ}} (ku)
|-
| {{Sund| ᮢ}} ||''Panyakra'', inserts the consonant /r/ to the base sound.
Example: {{Sund|ᮊᮢ}} (kra)
|-
| {{Sund| ᮣ}} ||''Panyiku'', inserts the consonant /l/ to the base sound.
Example: {{Sund|ᮊᮣ}} (kla)
|}
'''c. ''Rarangkén'' inline the base glyph'''
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
| {{Sund| ᮦ}} ||''Panéléng'', modifies vowel /a/ to /ɛ/.
Example: {{Sund|ᮊᮦ}} (ké)
|-
| {{Sund| ᮧ}} ||''Panolong'', modifies the vowel /a/ to /o/.
Example: {{Sund|ᮊᮧ}} (ko)
|-
| {{Sund| ᮡ}} ||''Pamingkal'', inserts the consonant /j/ to the base sound.
Example: {{Sund|ᮊᮡ}} (kya)
|-
| {{Sund| ᮂ}} ||''Pangwisad'', [[Visarga|adds final consonant sound]] /h/ to the base sound.
Example: {{Sund|ᮊᮂ}} (kah)
|-
| {{Sund| ᮪}} ||''Patén'' or ''pamaéh'', [[Virama|removes vowel sound]] of the base sound.
Example: {{Sund|ᮊ᮪}} (k)
|}
===Numbers {{sund|(ᮃᮀᮊ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ)}}===
<br />[[File:Sundanese-numbers.svg|thumb|Graphical representation]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" border="1"
| {{Sund|᮱}} = 1 || {{Sund|᮲}} = 2 || {{Sund|᮳}} = 3
|-
| {{Sund|᮴}} = 4 || {{Sund|᮵}} = 5 || {{Sund|᮶}} = 6
|-
| {{Sund|᮷}} = 7 || {{Sund|᮸}} = 8 || {{Sund|᮹}} = 9
|-
| {{Sund|᮰}} = 0
|}
In texts, numbers are written surrounded with dual pipe sign | ... |.
Example: {{Sund|{{pipe}}᮲᮰᮱᮹{{pipe}}}} = 2019
===Punctuation marks===
For modern use, Latin punctuations are used. Such punctuations are: comma, dot, semicolon, colon, exclamation mark, question mark, quotes, parenthesis, bracket etc. Old Sundanese, though, was written using its own set of punctuation symbols. The ''bindu surya'' 〈{{Sund|᳀}}〉, the representation of the sun, is used in the sequence 〈{{Sund|᳆᳀᳆}}〉, which denoted a religious text. Likewise, the ''bindu panglong'' 〈{{Sund|᳁}}〉, the representation of a half moon, is used in the sequence 〈{{Sund|᳆᳁}}〉, which had the same meaning. A third punctuation sequence used as a liturgical text marker is 〈{{Sund|᳇᳇}}〉. The ''bindu purnama'' 〈{{Sund|᳂}}〉, on the other hand, representing a full moon, is used in the sequence 〈{{Sund|᳅᳂᳅}}〉, which denoted a historical text. ''Bindu surya'' is also sometimes used as the full stop; in this case, ''bindu purnama'' is also used as comma. When ''bindu surya'' isn't used as full stop, ''bindu cakra'' 〈{{Sund|᳃}}〉, the representation of a wheel, was used instead of the ''bindu purnama'' as a comma.
The punctuation symbols resembling letters with stripes used in the sequences above, 〈{{Sund|᳆}}〉, 〈{{Sund|᳅}}〉, and 〈{{Sund|᳇}}〉, are respectively named ''da satanga, ka satanga, and ba satanga,'' and originated as "decorated" versions of the syllable ''da'' 〈{{Sund|ᮓ}}〉, one half of the syllable ''ka'' 〈{{Sund|ᮊ}}〉, and the syllable ''ba'' 〈{{Sund|ᮘ}}〉, respectively. To these can be added the ''leu satanga'' 〈{{Sund|᳄}}〉, of unclear meaning. Likewise, it originated as a "decorated" syllable ''leu'' 〈{{Sund|ᮼ}}〉, which is archaic.<ref>EVERSON, Michael. Proposal for encoding additional Sundanese characters for Old Sundanese in the UCS. Available at [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3666.pdf]. September 5th, 2009.</ref>
===Writing in ''pasangan'' (pairs)===
Simple words or sentences can be written directly, for example by arranging ''ngalagéna'' letters which represent the sounds. However, in certain words, compound consonants can be found. Then, two ways of writing can be used: (1) using ''pamaéh'', or (2) using ''pasangan'' (pairs).
The use of ''pamaéh'' is one way to write Sundanese script at basic stage. Another way, the ''pasangan'', is normally used in order to avoid the use of ''pamaéh'' in the middle of words, as well as to save writing space. ''Pasangan'' is constructed by attaching a second ''ngalagéna'' letter to the first one, thus eliminating the /a/ vowel of the first ''ngalagéna''.
== Aksara Sunda baku vs. kuno ==
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