Kendaraan listrik baterai: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Main|Truk listrik}}
Sepanjang abad ke-20, mayoritas kendaraan listrik baterai di dunia adalah kendaraan [[milk float]] Inggris.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cgl.uwaterloo.ca/~racowan/escape.html|title=Escaping Lock-in: the Case of the Electric Vehicle|publisher=Cgl.uwaterloo.ca|access-date=27 November 2010}}</ref> Pada abad ke-21 terjadi perkembangan besar-besaran truk listrik [[BYD Automobile|BYD]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autotrader.ca/newsfeatures/20171115/byd-to-build-electric-trucks-in-ontario/|title=byd-to-build-electric-trucks-in-ontario|publisher=Autotrader.ca|access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref>
=== Mobil listrik ===
{{Main|Mobil listrik}}
[[Mobil listrik]] bertenaga baterai adalah [[mobil]] yang [[ Propulsi tanah|ditenagai]] oleh [[motor listrik]].
Meskipun kebanyakan mobil listrik yang memberikan akselerasi yang baik dan memiliki kecepatan tertinggi yang dapat diterima, [[ Energi spesifik|energi spesifik]] dari baterai produksi (per tahun 2015) yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan [[ Bahan bakar berbasis karbon|bahan bakar berbasis karbon]] berarti bahwa mobil listrik membutuhkan baterai yang persentase massanya terhadap massa kendaraan cukup besar dan memiliki jangkauan yang relatif rendah untuk setiap pengisian ulang. Pengisian ulang juga bisa memakan waktu lama. Untuk perjalanan dalam satu pengisian daya baterai (bukan perjalanan panjang), mobil listrik adalah bentuk transportasi praktis dan dapat diisi ulang pada malam hari.
[[Berkas:Tesla Model S Japan.jpg|jmpl|Penjualan global [[Tesla Model S]], mobil listrik terlaris kedua di dunia dalam sejarah, mencapai 200.000 unit pada Q4 2017<ref name="HybridCars.com" />]]
Mobil listrik dapat secara signifikan mengurangi [[Pencemaran udara|polusi kota]] dengan memiliki [[ Kendaraan tanpa emisi|emisi knalpot nol]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://earth2tech.com/2010/03/17/should-pollution-factor-into-electric-car-rollout-plans/|title=Should Pollution Factor into Electric Car Rollout Plans?|date=17 March 2010|publisher=Earth2tech.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324113932/http://earth2tech.com/2010/03/17/should-pollution-factor-into-electric-car-rollout-plans/|archive-date=24 March 2010|access-date=18 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.electroauto.com/info/pollmyth.shtml|title=Electro Automotive: FAQ on Electric Car Efficiency & Pollution|publisher=Electroauto.com|access-date=18 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cleanairnet.org/baq2003/1496/articles-58076_resource_1.doc|title=Clean Air Initiative|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914201752/http://www.cleanairnet.org/baq2003/1496/articles-58076_resource_1.doc|archive-date=14 September 2016|access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> Penghematan [[gas rumah kaca]] kendaraan bergantung pada bagaimana listrik dihasilkan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Notter|first=Dominic A.|last2=Kouravelou|first2=Katerina|last3=Karachalios|first3=Theodoros|last4=Daletou|first4=Maria K.|last5=Haberland|first5=Nara Tudela|year=2015|title=Life cycle assessment of PEM FC applications: electric mobility and μ-CHP|journal=Energy Environ. Sci.|language=en|volume=8|issue=7|pages=1969–1985|doi=10.1039/c5ee01082a}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Notter|first=Dominic A.|last2=Gauch|first2=Marcel|last3=Widmer|first3=Rolf|last4=Wäger|first4=Patrick|last5=Stamp|first5=Anna|last6=Zah|first6=Rainer|last7=Althaus|first7=Hans-Jörg|date=1 September 2010|title=Contribution of Li-Ion Batteries to the Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicles|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=44|issue=17|pages=6550–6556|doi=10.1021/es903729a|issn=0013-936X|pmid=20695466}}</ref> Dengan [[ Pembangkitan listrik|bauran energi AS]] saat ini, menggunakan mobil listrik akan menghasilkan pengurangan 30 persen dalam [[Karbon dioksida|emisi karbon dioksida]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/04/plug-in-hybrid-cars-co2-emissions-electricity-energy.php|title=Plug-in Hybrid Cars: Chart of CO2 Emissions Ranked by Power Source|publisher=TreeHugger|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325060820/http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/04/plug-in-hybrid-cars-co2-emissions-electricity-energy.php|archive-date=25 March 2010|access-date=18 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oiaf/1605/cdrom/pdf/e-supdoc.pdf|title=Updated State-level Greenhouse Gas Emission Coefficients for Electricity Generation 1998–2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100728051830/http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oiaf/1605/cdrom/pdf/e-supdoc.pdf|archive-date=28 July 2010|access-date=16 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="Eia.doe.gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table1_1.html|title=Electric Power Monthly – Table 1.1. Net Generation by Energy Source|publisher=Eia.doe.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415043019/http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table1_1.html|archive-date=15 April 2010|access-date=18 April 2010}}</ref><ref>[[United States emission standards#Electricity generation]]</ref> Mengingat bauran energi di negara-negara lain (yang transit ke lebih banyak energi terbarukan) saat ini, telah diprediksi bahwa emisi kendaraan akan berkurang hingga 40 persen di Inggris,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.myelectriccar.com.au/co2.html|title=Less CO2|publisher=My Electric Car|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508155759/http://www.myelectriccar.com.au/co2.html|archive-date=8 May 2010|access-date=18 April 2010}}</ref> 19 persen di Tiongkok,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mckinsey.com/locations/greaterchina/mckonchina/pdfs/China_Charges_Up.pdf|title=McKinsey Greater China|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216054807/http://www.mckinsey.com/locations/greaterchina/mckonchina/pdfs/China_Charges_Up.pdf|archive-date=16 December 2011|access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> dan sedikitnya 1 persen di Jerman.<ref>...the four electric vehicles analysed in this study consume around 1.7 times less primary energy and generate less than half the CO2 of a Toyota Prius... {{Cite web|url=http://www.going-electric.org/docs/studies/CO2-energy-electric-vehicles.pdf|title=Archived copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726123025/http://www.going-electric.org/docs/studies/CO2-energy-electric-vehicles.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011|access-date=1 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10231102-54.html|title=Study: Electric cars not as green as you think | Green Tech – CNET News|last=Palm|first=Erik|date=1 May 2009|publisher=News.cnet.com|access-date=18 April 2010}}</ref>
Mobil listrik memiliki dampak besar dalam industri otomotif<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20100416/BUSINESS01/4160304/1002/business/Ford-Electric-car-is-autos-future|title=Ford says auto future hinges on electric car | freep.com | Detroit Free Press|publisher=freep.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421072856/http://www.freep.com/article/20100416/BUSINESS01/4160304/1002/business/Ford-Electric-car-is-autos-future|archive-date=21 April 2010|access-date=18 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Martin LaMonica|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/02/02/electric.vehicles/index.html|title=Plotting the long road to one million electric cars|publisher=CNN.com|date=2 February 2009|access-date=18 April 2010}}</ref> memberikan keuntungan dalam konteks [[Emisi gas buang|polusi kota]], berkurangnya ketergantungan pada minyak dan pembakaran, dan kelangkaan serta prediksi kenaikan harga bensin.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Terry Macalister|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/apr/11/peak-oil-production-supply|title=US military warns oil output may dip causing massive shortages by 2015 | Business|work=The Guardian|date=11 April 2010|access-date=18 April 2010|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415211533/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/apr/11/peak-oil-production-supply|archive-date=15 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Terry|last=Macalister|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/feb/07/branson-warns-peak-oil-close|title=Branson warns of oil crunch within five years | Business|work=The Guardian|date=7 February 2010|access-date=18 April 2010|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416082751/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/feb/07/branson-warns-peak-oil-close|archive-date=16 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2010/06/08/alg-predicts-gas-at-4-13-by-2013-residual-values-for-compacts/|title=ALG predicts gas at $4.13 by 2013; residual values for compacts, hybrids to climb – Autoblog Green|last=Loveday|first=Eric|date=8 June 2010|publisher=Green.autoblog.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814172854/http://green.autoblog.com/2010/06/08/alg-predicts-gas-at-4-13-by-2013-residual-values-for-compacts/|archive-date=14 August 2010|access-date=16 July 2010}}</ref> Pemerintah di seluruh dunia mengucurkan dana sebanyak miliaran dolar untuk mendanai pengembangan kendaraan listrik dan komponennya. AS telah menjanjikan US$2,4 miliar dalam bentuk hibah federal untuk mobil dan baterai listrik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/07/obama-pushes-electric-cars-battery-power-this-week-/1|title=Obama pushes electric cars, battery power this week|work=USA Today|date=14 July 2010}}</ref> Tiongkok telah mengumumkan akan menyediakan US$15 miliar untuk memulai industri mobil listrik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=24054|title=Freidman OpEd: China's 'Moon Shot' Versus America's|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103062957/http://evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=24054|archive-date=3 November 2010}}</ref>
{{As of|2016|12}}, mobil listrik yang dapat dikendarai di jalan raya dengan penjuaan tertinggi di dunia dalam sejarah adalah Nissan Leaf, dirilis pada Desember 2010, dengan penjualan global hingga lebih dari 250.000 unit, diikuti oleh Tesla Model S dengan lebih dari 158.000 unit dikirim ke seluruh dunia.<ref name="LeafBest250K2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/nissans-quarter-millionth-leaf-means-its-the-best-selling-plug-in-car-in-history/|title=Nissan's Quarter-Millionth Leaf Means It's The Best-Selling Plug-in Car in History|first=Jeff|last=Cobb|work=HybridCars.com|date=9 January 2017|access-date=10 January 2017}} ''{{As of|2016|12}}, the Nissan Leaf is the world's best-selling plug-in car in history with more than 250,000 units delivered, followed by the Tesla Model S with over 158,000 sales, the Volt/Ampera family of vehicles with 134,500 vehicles sold, and the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with about 116,500 units sold through November 2016. These are the only plug-in electric cars so far with over 100,000 global sales.''</ref> Pada peringkat berikutnya adalah [[ BMW i|BMW i]] dengan penjualan 65.500 unit, dan [[ Renault Zoe|Renault Zoe]] dengan 61.205 unit, hingga Desember 2016.<ref name="Top10PEVs20162">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/tesla-model-s-is-worlds-best-selling-plug-in-car-for-second-year-in-a-row/|title=Tesla Model S Is World's Best-Selling Plug-in Car For Second Year in a Row|first=Jeff|last=Cobb|work=HybridCars.com|date=31 January 2017|access-date=31 January 2017}} ''See also detailed 2016 sales and cumulative global sales in the two graphs.''</ref> Hingga Juni 2016 keluarga Mitsubishi i-MiEV mendapat peringkat kelima dengan sekitar 37.600 unit dikirim ke seluruh dunia.<ref name="Top10Global062016">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/global-10-best-selling-plug-in-cars-are-accelerating-forward/|title=Global 10 Best-Selling Plug-In Cars Are Accelerating Forward|first=Jeff|last=Cobb|work=HybridCars.com|date=10 August 2016|access-date=13 August 2016}} ''{{As of|2016|06}}, cumulative global sales of the top selling plug-in electric cars were led by the Nissan Leaf (over 228,000), followed by the Tesla Model S (129,393), Votl/Ampera family (about 117,300), Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV (about 107,400), Toyota Prius PHV (over 75,400), BYD Qin (56,191), Renault Zoe (51,193), BMW i3 (around 49,500 including REx variants), Mitsubishi i-MiEV family (about 37,600) and BYD Tang (37,509).''</ref> Van utilitas [[Renault Kangoo|Renault Kangoo Z.E.]] adalah pemimpin segmen kendaraan ringan listrik dengan penjualan 25.205 unit hingga Desember 2016.<ref name="Renault2011_16">{{Cite web|url=https://group.renault.com/finance/informations-financieres/chiffre-cles/ventes-mensuelles|title=Ventes Mensuelles|last=Groupe Renault|date=January 2017|publisher=Renault.com|language=French|trans-title=Monthly Sales|access-date=18 January 2017}} '' Includes passenger and light utility variants. Click on "(décembre 2016)" to download the file "XLSX – 239 Ko" for CYTD sales in 2016, and open the tab "Sales by Model". Click on "+ Voir plus" (See more) to download the files "Ventes mensuelles du groupe (décembre 2011) (xls, 183 Ko)" "Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2012) (xls, 289 Ko)" – Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2013) (xlsx, 227 Ko)" – "XLSX – 220 Ko Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2014)" – "Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2015)" to download the file "XLSX – 227 Ko" for 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 sales. Sales figures for 2013 were revised in the 2014 report''</ref>
=== Van listrik ===
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