Tokyo: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Tokyo menjadi tuan rumah [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1964]], [[KTT G7 ke-5|KTT G-7 1979]], [[KTT G7 ke-12|KTT G-7 1986]], dan [[KTT G7 ke-19|KTT G-7 1993]], serta akan menjadi tuan rumah [[Piala Dunia Rugbi 2019]], [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2020]], dan [[Paralimpiade Musim Panas 2020]].
[[Research and development in Japan]] and the [[Japanese space program]] are globally represented by several of Tokyo’s medical and scientific facilities, including the [[University of Tokyo]] and other [[List of universities in Tokyo|universities in Tokyo]], which work in collaboration with many international institutions. Especially with the [[United States]], including [[NASA]] and the many private spaceflight companies,<ref name="The Space Economy in Figures How Space Contributes to the Global Economy: How Space Contributes to the Global Economy 2019 p. 72">{{cite book | title=The Space Economy in Figures How Space Contributes to the Global Economy: How Space Contributes to the Global Economy | publisher=OECD Publishing | year=2019 | isbn=978-92-64-80595-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6degDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 | access-date=December 24, 2019 | page=72}}</ref> Tokyo universities have working relationships with all of the [[Ivy League]] institutions (including [[Harvard University|Harvard]], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], and [[Yale University]]),<ref name="Washington Post 2012">{{cite web | title=Six colleges dominate in research stature | website=Washington Post | date=March 27, 2012 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/college-inc/post/six-colleges-dominate-in-research-stature/2012/03/27/gIQA1gUFeS_blog.html | access-date=December 24, 2019}}</ref> along with other [[research university|research universities]] and development [[laboratory|laboratories]], such as [[Stanford University|Stanford]] and the [[University of California|UC]] campuses throughout [[California]],<ref name="News Center 2019">{{cite web | title=Radiation-free stem cell transplants, gene therapy may be within reach | website=News Center | date=May 29, 2019 | url=https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2019/05/radiation-free-stem-cell-transplants-may-be-within-reach.html | access-date=December 24, 2019}}</ref><ref name="UTokyo-Berkeley 2017">{{cite web | title=UTokyo-Berkeley | website=UTokyo-Berkeley | date=December 23, 2017 | url=https://utokyo.ucberkeley.jp/en/index.html | access-date=December 24, 2019}}</ref> as well as [[University of New Mexico|UNM]] and [[Sandia National Laboratories]] in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]], [[New Mexico]].<ref name="QuantumRes">{{cite web | publisher= American Association for the Advancement of Science | title= Generation of time-domain-multiplexed two-dimensional cluster state. | website=NCBI | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/31624214 | access-date=December 24, 2019}}</ref><ref name="UNM Rikkyo">{{cite web | title=Rikkyo University | website=UNM: Global Education Office | url= https://studyabroad.unm.edu/student-programs/rikkyo-university | access-date=December 24, 2019}}</ref><ref name="United States. Department of Energy 1999 p. 166-PA54">{{cite book | author=United States. Department of Energy | title=Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico: Environmental Impact Statement | series=Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico: Environmental Impact Statement | issue=v. 1 | year=1999 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwIxAQAAMAAJ&pg=SL166-PA54 | access-date=December 24, 2019 | page=166-PA54}}</ref> Other partners worldwide include [[Oxford University]] in the [[United Kingdom]],<ref name="University of Oxford Japan Office 2019">{{cite web |script-title=ja:オックスフォード大学日本事務所 | website=University of Oxford Japan Office | date=November 30, 2019 | url=https://oxfordujapan.org/?lang=en | access-date=December 24, 2019}}</ref> the [[National University of Singapore]] in [[Singapore]],<ref name="The University of Tokyo">{{cite web | title=The University of Tokyo - National University of Singapore - 1st Joint Symposium - The University of Tokyo | website=The University of Tokyo | url=https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/focus/en/events/e_z0103_00002.html | access-date=December 24, 2019}}</ref> the [[University of Toronto]] in [[Canada]],<ref name="University of Toronto - Learning Abroad 2018">{{cite web | title=Exchange: University of Tokyo - University of Toronto | website=University of Toronto - Learning Abroad | date=May 5, 2018 | url=https://learningabroad.utoronto.ca/experiences/university-of-tokyo/ | access-date=December 24, 2019}}</ref> and [[Tsinghua University]] in [[China]].<ref name="清华大学新闻网 2018">{{cite web | title=Tsinghua University News |publisher=Tsinghua University | date=July 27, 2018 | url=https://news.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/thunewsen/9670/2018/20180727151343724600821/20180727151343724600821_.html | access-date=December 24, 2019}}</ref>
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== Etimologi ==
{{anchor|idEtymology}}Tokyo awalnya dikenal sebagai {{Nihongo4|[[Edo]]|江戸}} yang berarti "[[muara]]".<ref name=naruto-san>Room, Adrian. ''Placenames of the World''. McFarland & Company (1996), [https://books.google.com/books?id=PzIer-wYbnQC&pg=PA360&sig=X75YRM_z45rzt4ZcemXMFhn9uWs p. 360]. {{ISBN|0-7864-1814-1}}.</ref> Namanya diubah menjadi {{Nihongo|Tokyo|東京|Tōkyō|extra={{lang|ja|東}} ''tō'' "timur", dan {{lang|ja|京}} ''kyō'' "ibukota"}} ketika menjadi ibukota kekaisaran yang ditandai dengan pemindahan singgasana [[Kaisar Meiji]] pada tahun 1868.<ref>US Department of State. (1906). [https://books.google.com/books?id=dKCOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA751&dq= ''A digest of international law as in diplomatic discussions, treaties and other international agreements'' (John Bassett Moore, ed.), Volume 5, p. 759]; excerpt, "The Mikado, on assuming the exercise of power at Yedo, changed the name of the city to Tokio".</ref> Pengubahan nama sekaligus pemberian kata "ibukota" ({{lang|ja|京}}) dalam setiap nama ibukota negara sejalan dengan [[Lingkungan kebudayaan Asia Timur|tradisi Asia Timur]] (seperti [[Kyoto]] ({{lang|ja|京都}}), [[Beijing]] ({{lang|ja|北京}}) dan [[Nanjing]] ({{lang|ja|南京}})).<ref name="naruto-san" /> Selama [[periode Meiji]] awal, kota ini juga disebut "Tōkei", sebuah pelafalan alternatif untuk kanji yang sama dengan "Tokyo". Beberapa dokumen resmi bahasa Inggris yang masih ada menggunakan ejaan "Tokei".<ref name="Tōkei">{{cite book |title=Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo |author1=Fiévé, Nicolas |author2=Paul Waley |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2003 |page=253 |isbn=}}</ref> Namun, pengucapan ini sekarang sudah punah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soumu.metro.tokyo.jp/01soumu/archives/0715tokei.htm |script-title=ja:明治東京異聞～トウケイかトウキョウか～東京の読み方 |publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Archives |date=2004 |accessdate=September 13, 2008 |language=ja |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006151436/http://www.soumu.metro.tokyo.jp/01soumu/archives/0715tokei.htm |archive-date=October 6, 2008 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
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Selain 23 distrik kota khusus ini, Tokyo juga mencakup 26 kota ({{Nihongo2|{{linktext|市}}}} ''-shi''), lima kota kecil ({{lang|ja|[[wikt:町|町]]}} ''-chō'' atau ''machi''), dan delapan desa ({{lang|ja|[[wikt:村|村]]}} ''-son'' atau ''-mura'') lainnya, yang masing-masing memiliki pemerintah daerah sendiri. [[Pemerintah Metropolitan Tokyo]] mengelola seluruh wilayah metropolis Tokyo, termasuk sungai, bendungan, perkebunan, pulau terpencil, dan [[taman nasional]]. Prefektur metropolitan ini dipimpin oleh seorang gubernur dan majelis metropolitan yang dipilih melalui pemilu setiap 4 tahun sekali. [[Gedung Pemerintah Metropolitan Tokyo|Pusat pemerintahannya]] terletak di [[Shinjuku, Tokyo|Shinjuku]].
=== Distrik kota khusus ===
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