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{{short description|Bentuk demokrasi yang bertujuan mereformasi ekonomi untuk menghilangkan ketidakadilannya dan mewujudkan kesetaraan distribusi kekayaan}}
{{redirect|Demokrat sosial|Untuk daftar partai dengan nama yang sama|Partai Demokrat Sosial}}
{{distinguish|sosialisme demokratdemokratik}}
{{Demokrasi sosial sidebar|all}}
{{Demokrasi}}
'''Demokrasi sosial''' adalah [[ideologi politik]], [[Ideologi sosial|sosial]], dan ekonomi yang mendukung [[Intervensionisme ekonomi|intervensi ekonomi]] dan [[IntervensiIntervensionisme sosial|sosial]] untuk mendorong [[keadilan sosial]] dalam kerangka pemerintahanentitas politik [[demokrasi liberal]] dan [[ekonomi kapitaliscampuran]] kapitalis. Protokol dan norma yang digunakan untuk mencapainya melibatkan komitmen pada [[demokrasi perwakilan]] dan [[Demokrasi partisipatoris|partisipatoris]], kebijakan untuk me[[redistribusi pendapatan]] dan [[regulasi ekonomi]] untuk [[kepentingan umum]] dan ketentuanpenyediaan [[negara kesejahteraan sosial]].{{sfn|Heywood|2012|p=128|ps=: "Social democracy is an ideological stance that supports a broad balance between market capitalism, on the one hand, and state intervention, on the other hand. Being based on a compromise between the market and the state, social democracy lacks a systematic underlying theory and is, arguably, inherently vague. It is nevertheless associated with the following views: (1) capitalism is the only reliable means of generating wealth, but it is a morally defective means of distributing wealth because of its tendency towards poverty and inequality; (2) the defects of the capitalist system can be rectified through economic and social intervention, the state being the custodian of the public interest [...]"}}<ref>{{harvnb|Miller|1998|p=827}}: "The idea of social democracy is now used to describe a society the economy of which is predominantly capitalist, but where the state acts to regulate the economy in the general interest, provides welfare services outside of it and attempts to alter the distribution of income and wealth in the name of social justice."</ref>{{sfn|Badie|Berg-Schlosser|Morlino|2011|p=2423|ps=: "Social democracy refers to a political tendency resting on three fundamental features: (1) democracy (e.g., equal rights to vote and form parties), (2) an economy partly regulated by the state (e.g., through Keynesianism), and (3) a welfare state offering social support to those in need (e.g., equal rights to education, health service, employment and pensions)."}} DemokrasiDengan sosialcara laluini, demokrasi sosial bertujuan untuk membentukmenciptakan kondisi bagi kapitalisme untuk mencapaimengarah pada hasil yang lebih demokratis, [[Egalitarianisme|egaliter]], dan [[Solidaritas|solidaristik]].{{sfn|Weisskopf|1992|p=10|ps=: "Thus social democrats do not try to do away with either the market or private property ownership; instead, they attempt to create conditions in which the operation of a capitalist market economy will lead to more egalitarian outcomes and encourage more democratic and more solidaristic practices than would a more conventional capitalist system."}} Akibat dari lamanya pemerintahan [[partai demokrat sosial]] dan pengaruhnya pada perkembangan kebijakan sosio-sosial ekonomi di [[negara Nordik]], dalam lingkup kebijakan, demokrasi sosial telah diasosiasikan dengan [[model Nordik]] dan [[Keynesianisme]] dalam lingkaran politik pada paruh kedua abad ke-20.{{sfnm|1a1=Gombert|1a2=Bläsius|1a3=Krell|1a4=Timpe|1y=2009|1p=8|2a1=Sejersted|2y=2011}}
 
Demokrasi sosial bermula dari ideologi politik yang menganjurkan transisi [[Reformisme|evolusioner]] dan damai dari kapitalisme menuju [[sosialisme]] melalui proses politik yang mapan, berkebalikan dengan transisi dengan [[sosialismeSosialisme revolusioner|pendekatan revolusioner]] yang diasosiasikan kepada [[Marxisme ortodoks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/social-democracy|title=Social democracy|publisher=''Encyclopædia Britannica''|accessdate=10 August 2015}}</ref> Di awal era pasca-Perang perangDunia dunia keduaII di Eropa Barat, partai demokrat sosial menolak model politik dan ekonomi [[Stalinisme|Stalinis]] yang ada di [[Uni Soviet]]. Mereka lebih memilih jalan alternatif menuju sosialisme atau dengan berkompromi antara kapitalisme dan sosialisme.{{sfn|Adams|1993|pp=102-103|ps=: "The emergence of social democracy was partly a result of the Cold War. People argued that if the Stalinist Soviet empire, where the state controlled everything, showed socialism in action, then socialism was not worth having. [...] The consensus policies of a mixed and managed economy and the welfare state, developed by the post-war Labour government, seemed in themselves to provide a basis for a viable socialism that would combine prosperity and freedom with social justice and the possibility of a full life for everyone. They could be seen as a compromise between socialism and capitalism."}} DiDalam periode ini, demokrat sosial menganut [[ekonomi campuran]] berdasarkan pada keunggulandominasi [[kepemilikan pribadi]], dengan hanya sedikit layanan publik dan utilitas penting yang [[kepemilikan publik|dimiliki publik]]. Hasilnya, demokrasi sosial diidentikan dengan [[ekonomi Keynesian]], intervensionisme negara, dan negara kesejahteraan, ketika mengabaikan tujuan sebelumnya untuk menggantikan sistem kapitalis (pasar faktor, kepemilikan pribadi, dan buruh upahupahan){{sfn|Weisskopf|1992|p=10|ps=: "Thus social democrats do not try to do away with either the market or private property ownership; instead, they attempt to create conditions in which the operation of a capitalist market economy will lead to more egalitarian outcomes and encourage more democratic and more solidaristic practices than would a more conventional capitalist system."}} dengan [[sistem ekonomi]] sosialis yang berbeda secara kualitatif.<ref>{{harvnb|Miller|1998|p=827}}: "In the second, mainly post-war, phase, social democrats came to believe that their ideals and values could be achieved by reforming capitalism rather than abolishing it. They favored a mixed economy in which most industries would be privately owned, with only a small number of utilities and other essential services in public ownership."</ref>{{sfn|Jones|2001|p=1410|ps=: "In addition, particularly since World War II, distinctions have sometimes been made between social democrats and socialists on the basis that the former have accepted the permanence of the mixed economy and have abandoned the idea of replacing the capitalist system with a qualitatively different socialist society."}}{{sfn|Heywood|2012|pp=125–128|ps=: "As an ideological stance, social democracy took shape around the mid-twentieth century, resulting from the tendency among western socialist parties not only to adopt parliamentary strategies, but also to revise their socialist goals. In particular, they abandoned the goal of abolishing capitalism and sought instead to reform or ‘humanize’ it. Social democracy therefore came to stand for a broad balance between the market economy, on the one hand, and state intervention, on the other."}} Dengan meningkatnya popularitas [[neoliberalisme]] dan [[Kanan Baru]] pada 1980-an,<ref name="Lewis&Surender">Lewis, Jane; Surender, Rebecca (2004). ''Welfare State Change: Towards a Third Way?''. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4, 16.</ref> banyak partai demokrat sosial memasukkan ideologi [[Jalan Ketiga]],{{sfn|Whyman|2005|pp=1–5}} yang bertujuan untuk memadukan [[Liberalisme ekonomi|ekonomi liberal]] dengan kebijakan [[kesejahteraan]] demokrasi sosial.{{sfn|Whyman|2005|p=61}}{{sfn|Whyman|2005|p=215}} Pada 2010-an, Jalan Ketiga umumnya [[Demokrasi sosial#Penurunan di Eropa Barat (2010-sekarang)|tidak disukai]] dalam fenomena yang dikenal sebagai [[Pasokifikasi|PASOKifikasi]].<ref name="Barbieri">{{cite journal|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/2017-04-25/death-and-life-social-democracy|title=The Death and Life of Social Democracy|last=Barbieri|first=Pierpaolo|journal=Foreign Affairs|date=25 April 2017|accessdate=20 October 2017}}</ref>
Dengan naiknya popularitas [[neoliberalisme]] dan [[Kanan Baru]] pada 1980-an,<ref>Lewis, Jane; Surender, Rebecca (2004). ''Welfare State Change: Towards a Third Way?''. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4, 16.</ref> kebanyakan partai demokrat sosial telah menggabungkan ideologi [[Jalan Ketiga]],{{sfn|Whyman|2005|pp=1–5}} yang bertujuan untuk memadukan [[Liberalisme ekonomi|ekonomi liberal]] dengan kebijakan [[kesejahteraan]] demokrat sosial.{{sfn|Whyman|2005|p=61}}{{sfn|Whyman|2005|p=215}} Demokrasi sosial modern ditandai dengan komitmen pada kebijakan yang bertujuan untuk membatasi [[ketidakadilan sosial|ketidakadilan]], [[penindasan]] [[hak istimewa (ketidakadilan sosial|kelompok kurang mampu]], dan [[kemiskinan]],{{sfn|Hoefer|2013|p=29}} termasuk dukungan pada [[pelayanan publik]] yang dapat diakses secara universal seperti [[perawatan lansia]], [[perawatan anak-anak]], [[Pendidikan universal|pendidikan]], [[Pelayanan kesehatan universal|layanan kesehatan]], dan [[kompensasi pekerja]].{{sfn|Meyer|Hinchman|2007|p=137}} Gerakan demokrasi sosial sering kali memiliki koneksi kuatdengan [[gerakan buruh]] dan [[serikat pekerja]] yang mendukung hak [[perundingan bersama]] bagi pekerja serta kebijakan untuk memperluas pengambilan keputusan di luar politik ke lingkup ekonomi dalam bentuk [[kodeterminasi]] bagi pekerja dan pemangku kepentingan ekonomi lainnya.{{sfnm|1a1=Meyer|1a2=Hinchman|1y=2007|1p=91|2a1=Upchurch|2a2=Taylor|2a3=Mathers|2y=2009|2p=51}}
 
Demokrasi sosial modern ditandai dengan komitmen pada kebijakan yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi [[Ketidaksetaraan sosial|ketidaksetaraan]], penindasan terhadap kelompok kurang mampu dan [[kemiskinan]],{{sfn|Hoefer|2013|p=29}} termasuk dukungan pada [[pelayanan publik]] yang dapat diakses secara universal, seperti [[perawatan lansia]], [[perawatan anak-anak]], [[Pendidikan universal|pendidikan]], [[Pelayanan kesehatan universal|layanan kesehatan]], dan [[kompensasi pekerja]].{{sfn|Meyer|Hinchman|2007|p=137}} Gerakan demokrasi sosial sering kali memiliki koneksi kuat dengan [[gerakan buruh]] dan [[serikat pekerja]] yang mendukung hak [[perundingan bersama]] bagi pekerja serta kebijakan untuk memperluas pengambilan keputusan di luar politik ke lingkup ekonomi dalam bentuk [[kodeterminasi]] bagi pekerja dan pemangku kepentingan ekonomi lainnya.{{sfnm|1a1=Meyer|1a2=Hinchman|1y=2007|1p=91|2a1=Upchurch|2a2=Taylor|2a3=Mathers|2y=2009|2p=51}}
== Perkembangan ==
Demokrasi Sosial adalah sebuah paham politik yang sering disebut sebagai kiri atau kiri moderat yang muncul pada akhir abad ke-19 berasal dari gerakan [[sosialisme]]. <ref name=Berman>{{cite web|url=http://www8.georgetown.edu/centers/cdacs//bermanpaper.pdf|title=Understanding Social Democracy|author=Berman, Sheri|accessdate=2007-08-11}}</ref> Demokrasi Sosial adalah [[ideologi politik]] yang secara resmi bertujuan untuk membentuk sosialisme demokratis melalui metode [[Reformisme|reformis]] dan [[Gradualisme|gradualis]]. Demokrasi Sosial juga didefinisikan sebagai pemerintahan yang memasukan skema [[negara kesejahteraan]] universal dan [[perundingan bersama]] dalam kerangka kerja ekonomi kapitalis. Demokrasi Sosial dalam istilah ini sering digunakan untuk merujuk pada model sosial dan kebijakan ekonomi penting di negara barat dan Eropa Utara pada paruh akhir abad ke-20.
 
== Ikhtisar ==
Setelah perpecahan antara sosialis reformis dan [[sosialis revolusioner]] di[[Internasional Kedua]], demokrat sosial menganjurkan transisi damai dan evolusioner di bidang ekonomi untuk mencapai [[sosialisme]] melalui reformasi sosial terhadap [[kapitalisme]] secara [[progresif]]. Demokrasi Sosial menyatakan bahwa satu-satunya bentuk konstitusional pemerintahan yang dapat diterima adalah [[demokrasi representatif]] di bawah [[aturan hukum]]. Sosdem mempromosikan perluasan pembuatan kebijakan demokratis di luar politik demokrasi untuk menyertakan [[demokrasi ekonomi]] agar menjamin pekerja dan pemangku kepentingan ekonomi lainnya akan hak-hak mereka dalam [[:en:Co-determination|co-determination]] (kodeterminasi). Demokrasi sosial mendukung sistem [[ekonomi campuran]] untuk melawan ekses dari kapitalisme seperti [[kesenjangan]], [[kemiskinan]], dan [[tekanan]] terhadap berbagai kelompok; serta menolak sistem [[pasar bebas]] dan [[ekonomi terencana]] yang dilaksanakan secara kaku. Kebijakan umum Demokrasi sosial termasuk pada pembelaanhak-hak sosial universal agar tercipta akses universal terhadap [[layanan publik]] seperti [[pendidikan]], [[layanan kesehatan]], [[kompensasi pekerja]]; serta layanan lainnya, seperti [[pelayanan anak]] dan layanan untuk lanjut usia. Demokrasi sosial juga terkait dengan gerakan serikat pekerja dalam mendukung [[hak perundingan bersama]] untuk pekerja. Sebagian besar partai demokrasi sosial berafiliasi dengan [[Sosialis Internasional]].
{{Sosialisme sidebar}}
=== Perkembangan ===
{{Marxisme}}
Selama akhir abad ke-19 dan awal ke-20, demokrasi sosial adalah gerakan yang bertujuan untuk menggantikan [[kepemilikan pribadi]] dengan [[kepemilikan sosial]] atas [[alat produksi]]. Gerakan ini dipengaruhi oleh [[Marxisme]] dan pendukung [[Ferdinand Lassalle]]. Pada 1868-1869, Marxisme telah menjadi landasan teori resmi dari partai demokrasi sosial pertama yang didirikan di Eropa, [[Partai Pekerja Demokrat Sosial Jerman]] (SDAP).{{sfn|Schorske|1993|p=2}}
 
Pada awal abad ke-20, politisi demokrat sosial Jerman, [[Eduard Bernstein]], menolak gagasan [[Marxisme klasik]] dan [[Marxisme ortodoks|ortodoks]] yang mengusulkan [[Materialisme sejarah|kemajuan]] dan [[Revolusi proletariat|revolusi sejarah]] tertentu sebagai sarana untuk mencapai [[kesetaraan sosial]] dan memajukan posisi bahwa sosialisme harus didasarkan pada [[Sosialisme etis|argumen etis dan moral]] untuk [[keadilan sosial]] dan [[egalitarianisme]] yang hendak dicapai melalui [[reformasi]] [[legislatif]] [[Gradualisme#Politik dan masyarakat|gradual]]. Dipengaruhi oleh Bernstein, setelah perpecahan antara [[Reformisme|reformis]] dan [[Sosialisme revolusioner|sosialis revolusioner]] di [[Internasional Kedua]], partai-partai demokrat sosial menolak [[politik revolusioner]] dan mendukung reformasi [[Sistem parlementer|parlementer]] sambil tetap berkomitmen pada [[Sosialisasi (Marxisme)|sosialisasi]].<ref>{{harvnb|Miller|1998|p=827}}: "In this (first) phase, therefore, the final aim of social democracy was to replace private ownership of industry with state or social ownership, but the means were to be those of parliamentary democracy."</ref> Pada periode ini, demokrasi sosial dikaitkan dengan sosialisme reformis. Di bawah pengaruh politisi seperti [[Carlo Rosselli]] di Italia, demokrat sosial mulai melepaskan diri dari Marxisme sama sekali dan menganut [[sosialisme liberal]],{{sfn|Bronner|1999|p=103}} mengimbau moralitas dibandingkan pandangan dunia yang sistematis, [[Metode ilmiah|ilmiah]] atau [[materialis]] yang konsisten.{{sfn|Wright|1999|p=86|ps=: "This was an ideology which, at bottom, was grounded not in materialism but in morals. Thus Bernstein summoned up Kant to point the way towards a politics of ethical choices."}}<ref>{{harvnb|Heywood|2012|p=128}}: "The theoretical basis for social democracy has been provided more by moral or religious beliefs, rather than by scientific analysis. Social democrats have not accepted the materialist and highly systematic ideas of Marx and Engels, but rather advanced an essentially moral critique of capitalism."</ref> Demokrasi sosial membuat seruan pada sentimen [[Komunitarianisme|komunitarian]], [[Korporatisme|korporatis]] dan terkadang [[Nasionalisme|nasionalis]] sambil menolak [[determinasi ekonomi]] dan [[Determinasi teknologi|teknologi]] yang umumnya merupakan karakteristik Marxisme ortodoks dan [[liberalisme ekonomi]].{{sfn|Berman|2008|pp=12–13|ps=: "Regardless of the specific policies they advocated, one thing that joined all budding interwar social democrats was a rejection of the passivity and economic determinism of orthodox Marxism [...] so they often embraced communitarian, corporatist, and even nationalist appeals and urged their parties to make the transition from workers' to 'people's' parties."}} Pada periode pasca-[[Perang Dunia II]] serta [[Konsensus pascaperang|konsensus ekonomi]] dan [[Ekspansi ekonomi pasca-Perang Dunia II|ekspansinya]], sebagian besar demokrat sosial di Eropa telah meninggalkan hubungan ideologis mereka dengan Marxisme dan menggeser penekanan mereka ke arah reformasi kebijakan sosial sebagai transisi dari [[kapitalisme]] menuju [[sosialisme]].{{sfn|Adams|1993|p=146}}
Demokrasi sosial muncul pada abad ke-19 di Jerman dari pengaruh [[sosialisme reformis]] [[Ferdinand Lassalle]] dan [[sosialisme revolusioner]] [[internasionalis]] yang dikembangkan oleh [[Karl Marx]] dan [[Friedrich Engels]]. Kalangan Marxis dan Lassallianis bersaing dalam pengaruh politik dalam gerakan buruh sampai 1868-1869 ketika [[Marxis]] menjadi dasar resmi dari [[Partai Pekerja Demokrat Sosial Jerman]]. Pada [[Kongres Hague tahun 1872]], Marx memodifikasi pendiriannya pada revolusi dengan menyatakan bahwa terdapat negara-negara dengan institusi demokratis di mana langkah-langkah reformis dapat dikembangkan. Dia mengatakan bahwa "pekerja mungkin mecapai tujuannya dengan jalan damai, tetapi tidak di semua negara." Marx menekankan dukungannya pada [[Komune Paris]] akan demokrasi representatifnya yang didasarkan pada [[hak pilih universal]].
 
Seksi demokrasi sosial yang tetap berkomitmen pada penghapusan kapitalisme secara bertahap, serta demokrat sosial anti-Jalan Ketiga bergabung menjadi sosialisme demokratik.<ref>Busky, Donald F. (20 July 2000). ''Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey''. Praeger. pp. 7–8. {{ISBN|978-0275968861}}. "Democratic socialism is the wing of the socialist movement that combines a belief in a socially owned economy with that of political democracy."</ref><ref>Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G. (2007). ''Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice''. SAGE Publications. p. 448. {{ISBN|978-1412918121}}. "Some have endorsed the concept of market socialism, a post-capitalist economy that retains market competition but socialises the means of production, and in some versions, extends democracy to the workplace. Some holdout for a non-market, participatory economy. All democratic socialists agree on the need for a democratic alternative to capitalism."</ref>
[[Fabianisme|Fabianis]] dan Marxis dipengaruhi oleh [[Eduard Bernstein]] yang menganjurkan pendekatan evolusioner untuk kemajuan sosialisme. Bernstein menentang asumsi [[Marxisme klasik]] dan [[Marxisme ortodoks|ortodoks]] akan kebutuhan [[revolusi sosialis]] dan [[konflik kelas]], mengklaim bahwa sosialisme dapat dicapai dengan demokrasi representatif dan kerja sama antara orang-orang tanpa memperhatikan kelas. Demokrasi sosial pada awal abad ke-20 mulai bertansisi dari asosiasi dengan Marxisme melalui [[sosialisme liberal]], khususnya melalui pengaruh tokoh seperti [[Carlo Rosselli]] yang berusaha untuk memisahkan sosialisme dari peninggalan Marxisme. Setelah periode Perang Dunia Kedua, sebagian besar demokrat sosial di Eropa meninggalkan hubungan ideologinya dengan Marxisme dan mengganti penekanannya ke reformasi kebijakan sosial dalam transisi dari kapitalisme ke sosialisme. [[Jalan Ketiga]] merupakan faksi utama dalam kelompok demokrasi sosial yang berkembang pada 1990-an, yang diidentifikasi oleh demokrasi sosial lain sebagai gerakan [[neoliberal]].
 
== Kesuksesan ==
Kebijakan demokrasi sosial pertama kali diadopsi di [[Kekaisaran Jerman]] pada 1880-an dan 1890-an ketika [[Kanselir Jerman|Kanselir]] [[Otto von Bismarck]] yang [[Konservatisme di Jerman|konservatif]] mengajukan banyak proposal [[kesejahteraan sosial]] [[Partai Demokrat Sosial Jerman|Demokrat Sosial]] untuk menghalangi keberhasilan pemilu mereka setelah melarang mereka dengan [[UU Anti-Sosialis]]. Kebijakan ini menjadi dasar bagi [[negara kesejahteraan]] modern pertama. Kebijakan-kebijakan tersebut dijuluki sebagai [[Sosialisme Negara (Jerman)|Sosialisme Negara]] oleh oposisi [[Liberalisme di Jerman|liberal]], tetapi kemudian istilah itu diterima oleh Bismarck.<ref>Edgar Feuchtwanger (2002). ''Bismarck''. p. 221.</ref> Sosialisme Negara merujuk pada seragkaian program sosial yang dilaksanakan di Jerman yang diinisiasi oleh Bismarck pada 1883 sebagai langkah perbaikan untuk menenangkan [[kelas pekerja]] dan mengurangi dukungan kepada [[sosialisme]] dan Demokrat Sosial setelah melaksanakan upaya sebelumnya melalui UU Anti-Sosialis Bismarck.<ref>[http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1809 "Bismarck's Reichstag Speech on the Law for Workers' Compensation"] (15 March 1884).</ref><ref>Paul R. Gregory; Robert C. Stuart (2003). ''Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century''. p. 207. "Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced social welfare legislation in Germany between 1883 and 1888, despite violent political opposition, as a direct attempt to stave off Marx's (prediction of a) socialist revolution". {{ISBN|0-618-26181-8}}.</ref>
 
Kebijakan serupa kemudian diadopsi di sebagian besar Eropa Barat, termasuk Prancis dan Britania Raya (lihat [[reformasi kesejahteraan Liberal]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/britain1906to1918/g1/gallery1.htm|title=Liberal Welfare Reforms 1906–11|publisher=Learningcurve.gov.uk|accessdate=24 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=G. R. Searle|authorlink=G. R. Searle|title=A New England?: Peace and War, 1886–1918|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SGI2Y8vyC4C&pg=PA369|year=2004|page=369|isbn=9780198207146}}</ref> baik oleh partai sosialis dan liberal. Di Amerika Serikat, [[Progresivisme di Amerika Serikat|gerakan progresif]], gerakan demokrat sosial serupa lebih dipengaruhi oleh [[Liberalisme di Amerika Serikat|liberalisme]] dibandingkan [[Sosialisme di Amerika Serikat|sosialisme]], mendukung [[Liberalisme modern di Amerika Serikat|liberal progresif]] seperti [[Presiden Amerika Serikat|presiden]] dari [[Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat)|Partai Demokrat]], [[Woodrow Wilson]] dan [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], yang gagasan [[New Freedom]] dan [[New Deal]]-nya mengadopsi banyak kebijakan demokrat sosial. Dengan [[Depresi Besar]], [[intervensionisme ekonomi]] dan [[nasionalisasi]] menjadi umum di dunia dan [[konsensus pascaperang]] yang berlangsung sampai 1973 membuat kebijakan demokrat sosial [[Keynesianisme|Keynesian]] dan [[ekonomi campuran]] diberlakukan. Hal ini kemudian mengarah pada [[ledakan pasca-Perang Dunia II]], di mana Amerika Serikat, Uni Soviet, negara Eropa Barat dan Asia Timur khususnya mengalami [[pertumbuhan ekonomi]] tinggi dan berkelanjutan yang tidak biasa, bersamaan dengan [[lapangan kerja penuh]]. Berkebalikan dengan prediksi awal, pertumbuhan yang tinggi juga termasuk pada negara yang hancur akibat perang seperti Jepang ([[Keajaiban ekonomi Jepang setelah Perang Dunia II]]), Jerman Barat dan Austria ([[Wirtschaftswunder]]), Korea Selatan ([[Keajaiban di Sungai Han]]), Prancis ([[Trente Glorieuses]]), Italia ([[Keajaiban ekonomi Italia]]) dan Yunani ([[Keajaiban ekonomi Yunani]]).<ref>[http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198287414.001.0001/acprof-9780198287414 "The Golden Age of Capitalism: Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience"].</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/WESS_2017_ch2.pdf "Post-war reconstruction and development in the Golden Age of Capitalism"].</ref><ref>[http://m.oxfordscholarship.com/mobile/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198287414.001.0001/acprof-9780198287414 "The Golden Age of Capitalism: Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience"].</ref>
 
Akibat dari [[krisis energi 1970-an]], ditinggalkannya [[standar emas]] dan [[sistem Bretton Woods]] bersama dengan kebijakan ekonomi campuran demokrat sosial Keynesian serta implementasi kebijakan [[Ekonomi berorientasi pasar|berorientasi pasar]], [[Monetarisme|monetaris]] dan [[Neoliberalisme|neoliberal]] ([[privatisasi]], [[deregulasi]], [[perdagangan bebas]], [[globalisasi ekonomi]], [[kebijakan fiskal]] anti-[[inflasi]], dan lainnya), negara kesejahteraan demokrat sosial menjadi diragukan.<ref>Lewis, Jane; Surender, Rebecca (2004). ''Welfare State Change: Towards a Third Way?''. Oxford University Press.</ref> Hal ini menyebabkan partai-partai demokrat sosial mengadopsi [[Jalan Ketiga]], ideologi yang menggabungkan [[progresivisme]] dan [[liberalisme sosial]] dengan neoliberalisme.{{sfn|Whyman|2005}} Bagaimanapun, [[Resesi Besar]] pada akhir 2000-an dan awal 2010-an menimbulkan keraguan pada apa yang dinamakan [[Konsensus Washington]] dan [[gerakan antipengetatan anggaran|protes]] terhadap langkah [[pengetatan anggaran]] terjadi, menyebabkan kebangkitan partai-partai dan kebijakan demokrat sosial, khususnya di Amerika Serikat dan Britania Raya dengan [[Bernie Sanders]] dan [[Jeremy Corbyn]], yang menolak demokrasi sosial Jalan Ketiga, <ref name="Tarnoff">Tarnoff, Ben (12 July 2017). [https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jul/12/social-media-socialism-jeremy-corbyn-bernie-sanders "How social media saved socialism"]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. Retrieved 14 May 2019. "Socialism is stubborn. After decades of dormancy verging on death, it is rising again in the westIn the UK, Jeremy Corbyn just led the Labour party to its largest increase in vote share since 1945 on the strength of its most radical manifesto in decades. In France, the leftist Jean-Luc Melenchon recently came within two percentage points of breaking into the second round of the presidential election. And in the US, the country's most famous socialist – Bernie Sanders – is now its most popular politician. [...] For the resurgent left, an essential spark is social media. In fact, it's one of the most crucial and least understood catalysts of contemporary socialism. Since the networked uprisings of 2011 – the year of the Arab spring, Occupy Wall Street and the Spanish indignados – we've seen how social media can rapidly bring masses of people into the streets. But social media isn't just a tool for mobilizing people. It's also a tool for politicizing them."</ref><ref name="Huges">Huges, Laura (24 February 2016). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/tony-blair/12171297/Tony-Blair-admits-he-cant-understand-the-popularity-of-Jeremy-Corbyn-and-Bernie-Sanders.html "Tony Blair admits he can't understand the popularity of Jeremy Corbyn and Bernie Sanders"]. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. Retrieved 14 May 2019. "In a joint ''Guardian'' and ''Financial Times'' interview, Mr Blair said he believed some of Mr Sanders' and Mr Corbyn's success was due to the "loss of faith in that strong, centrist progressive position", which defined his own career. He said: "One of the strangest things about politics at the moment – and I really mean it when I say I'm not sure I fully understand politics right now, which is an odd thing to say, having spent my life in it – is when you put the question of electability as a factor in your decision to nominate a leader, it's how small the numbers are that this is the decisive factor. That sounds curious to me."</ref><ref name="NBC">[https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/democratic-socialism-hits-heartland-ocasio-cortez-sanders-campaign-deep-red-n893076 "Democratic socialism hits the heartland: Ocasio-Cortez, Sanders to campaign in deep-red Kansas"]. NBC News. 20 July 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2019.</ref> setelah [[resesi ekonomi]] yang diakibatkan oleh apa yang disebut [[Pasokifikasi]] oleh berbagai partai demokrat sosial.<ref name="Pasokification1">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22025714 "How Greece's once-mighty Pasok party fell from grace"].</ref><ref name="Pasokification2">[https://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21695887-centre-left-sharp-decline-across-europe-rose-thou-art-sick "Rose thou art sick"].</ref><ref name="Pasokification3">[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/may/22/jeremy-corbyn-labour-anti-austerity-manifesto "Jeremy Corbyn has defied his critics to become Labour's best hope of survival"].</ref><ref name="Pasokification4">[https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2018/02/germany-s-spd-may-have-signed-its-death-warrant "Germany's SPD may have signed its death warrant"].</ref><ref name="Pasokification5">[https://www.economist.com/britain/2018/06/30/why-labour-is-obsessed-with-greek-politics "Why Labour is obsessed with Greek politics"].</ref>
 
''[[Laporan Kebahagiaan Dunia]]'' [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] (PBB) menunjukkan bahwa negara-negara yang paling bahagia terkonsentrasi di negara demokrat sosial, khususnya Eropa Utara, di mana dmeokrasi sosial [[model Nordik]] diimplementasikan. Hal ini terkadang dikaitkan dengan keberhasilan model Nordik di kawasan tersebut, di mana partai-partai serupa seperti [[sosialis demokrat]], [[Gerakan buruh|buruh]], dan [[Partai demokrat sosial|demokrat sosial]] mendominasi panggung politik dan meletakan landasan bagi [[Negara kesejahteraan#Tiga dunia negara kesejahteraan|negara-negara kesejahteraan univeral]] pada abad ke-20. Negara-negara Nordik, termasuk di antaranya Denmark, Finlandia, Islandia, Norwegia, Swedia serta Greenland dan Kepulauan Faroe, juga menempati peringkat tertinggi berdasarkan metrik [[PDB per kapita|PDB riil per kapita]], [[kesetaraan ekonomi]], [[harapan hidup]] sehat, [[Solidaritas|memiliki seseorang yang dapat diandalkan]], persepsi [[Kebebasan memilih|kebebasan membuat pilihan hidup]], [[kemurahan hati]] dan [[pengembangan manusia (ekonomi)|pengembangan manusia]].<ref>Gregoire, Carolyn (10 September 2013). [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/10/happiest-countries_n_3894274.html "The Happiest Countries In The World"]. ''[[The Huffington Post]].'' Retrieved 1 October 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Conley|first=Julia|title=Social Democratic Nations Rank Happiest on Global Index (Again). US Ranking Falls (Again)|url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2019/03/20/social-democratic-nations-rank-happiest-global-index-again-us-ranking-falls-again|work=[[Common Dreams]]|date=20 March 2019|accessdate=31 March 2019}}</ref> Laporan serupa juga telah menempatkan negara Skandinavia dan negara demokrat sosial lainnya di peringkat atas pada indikator seperti [[kebebasan sipil]],<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2018 "Freedom in the World 2018"].</ref> [[demokrasi]],<ref>[https://www.eiu.com/topic/democracy-index "Democracy Index 2018"]</ref> [[Kebebasan pers|pers]],<ref>[https://rsf.org/en/ranking "2019 World Press Freedom Index"].</ref> kebebasan [[Hak buruh|buruh]] dan [[Kebebasan ekonomi|ekonomi]],<ref>[https://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2017/book/index_2017.pdf "2017 Index of Economic Freedom"].</ref> [[perdamaian]]<ref>[http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2018/06/Global-Peace-Index-2018-2.pdf "Global Peace Index 2018"].</ref> dan kebebasan dari [[korupsi]].<ref>[https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018/results "Corruption Perceptions Index 2018"].</ref>
 
Sejumlah penelitian dan survei menujukkan bahwa orang cenderung hidup lebih bahagia di masyarakat demokrat sosial dibandingkan yang neoliberal.<ref>Brown, Craig (11 May 2009). [http://www.commondreams.org/further/2009/05/11/worlds-happiest-countries-social-democracies "World's Happiest Countries? Social Democracies"]. [[Commondreams]]. Retrieved 20 October 2014.</ref><ref>Radcliff, Benjamin (25 September 2013). [http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/25/opinion/radcliff-politics-of-happiness/ "Western nations with social safety net happier"]. [[CNN]]. Retrieved 20 October 2014.</ref><ref>Brown, Andrew (12 September 2014). [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/12/europe-happiest-progressives-conservatives-social-democracies-wellbeing-poll "Who are Europe's happiest people – progressives or conservatives?"]. ''[[The Guardian]].'' Retrieved 20 October 2014.</ref><ref>Eskow, Richard (15 October 2014). [http://ourfuture.org/20141015/new-study-finds-big-government-makes-people-happy-free-markets-dont "New Study Finds Big Government Makes People Happy, "Free Markets" Don't]". Our Future. Retrieved 20 October 2014.</ref>
 
== Kritik ==
{{see also|Kritik terhadap kesejahteraan|Kritik terhadap negara kesejahteraan}}
Dari sudut pandang sosialis murni, reformasi demokrat sosial dikritik karena berfungsi untuk merancang cara baru untuk memperkuat sistem kapitalisme, sehingga bertentangan dengan tujuan sosialis, yaitu menggantikan kapitalisme dengan sistem sosialis.{{sfn|Clarke|1981|p=2}} Dengan demikian, demokrasi sosial gagal untuk mengatasi masalah-masalah sistemik yang melekat dalam kapitalisme. Filsuf sosialis demokrat Amerika, [[David Schweickart]], membandingkan demokrasi sosial dengan [[sosialisme demokratik]] dengan mendefinisikan yang pertama sebagai upaya untuk memperkuat [[negara kesejahteraan]] dan yang kedua sebagai [[sistem ekonomi]] alternatif dari kapitalisme. Menurut Schweickart, kritik sosialis demokrat terhadap demokrasi sosial adalah bahwa kapitalisme tidak akan pernah dimanusiakan secara memadai dan bahwa setiap upaya untuk menekan kontradiksi ekonominya hanya akan menyebabkan mereka muncul di tempat lain. Misalnya, upaya untuk mengurangi pengangguran yang terlalu kuat akan mengakibatkan inflasi; dan terlalu banyak keamanan pekerjaan akan mengikis disiplin kerja.{{sfn|Schweickart|2007|ps=: "Social democrats supported and tried to strengthen the basic institutions of the welfare state—pensions for all, public health care, public education, unemployment insurance. They supported and tried to strengthen the labor movement. The latter, as socialists, argued that capitalism could never be sufficiently humanized and that trying to suppress the economic contradictions in one area would only see them emerge in a different guise elsewhere (e.g., if you push unemployment too low, you'll get inflation; if job security is too strong, labor discipline breaks down.)"}} Berbeda dengan demokrasi sosial, sosialis demokrat menganjurkan sistem ekonomi [[pascakapitalisme]] yang berdasarkan pada [[Ekonomi pasar#Sosialisme pasar|sosialisme pasar]] yang dikombinasikan dengan [[manajemen mandiri pekerja]], atau pada beberapa bentuk [[ekonomi partisipatoris]] [[Perencanaan terdesentralisasi|terencana yang terdesentralisasi]].<ref>{{harvnb|Schweickart|2007}}: "Virtually all [democratic] socialists have distanced themselves from the economic model long synonymous with socialism (i.e., the Soviet model of a nonmarket, centrally planned economy). [...] Some have endorsed the concept of market socialism, a postcapitalist economy that retains market competition but socializes the means of production and, in some versions, extends democracy to the workplace. Some hold out for a nonmarket, participatory economy. All democratic socialists agree on the need for a democratic alternative to capitalism."</ref>
 
[[Marxisme|Sosialis Marxis]] berpendapat bahwa kebijakan kesejahteraan demokrat sosial tidak dapat menyelesaikan permasalahan struktural fundamental dari kapitalisme seperti [[Siklus bisnis#Ekonomi Marxian|fluktuasi siklus]], [[Eksploitasi buruh#Teori Marxis|eksploitasi]] dan [[Teori alienasi Marx|alienasi]]. Karenanya, program demokrat sosial yang dimaksudkan untuk memperbaiki kondisi kehidupan dalam kapitalisme—seperti tunjangan pengangguran dan pajak atas laba—menciptakan kontradiksi lebih lanjut dengan membatasi efisiensi sistem kapitalis dengan mengurangi insentif bagi kapitalis untuk berinvestasi lebih lanjut dalam produksi.{{sfn|Ticktin|1998|pp=60–61|ps=: "The Marxist answers that [...] it involves limiting the incentive system of the market through providing minimum wages, high levels of unemployment insurance, reducing the size of the reserve army of labour, taxing profits, and taxing the wealthy. As a result, capitalists will have little incentive to invest and the workers will have little incentive to work. Capitalism works because, as Marx remarked, it is a system of economic force (coercion)."}} Negara kesejahteraan hanya berfungsi untuk melegitimasi dan memperpanjang sistem kapitalisme yang eksploitatif dan kontradiktif sehingga merugikan masyarakat. Kritik kontemporer demokrasi sosial seperti Jonas Hinnfors berpendapat bahwa ketika demokrasi sosial meninggalkan Marxisme, maka ia juga meninggalkan sosialisme dan telah menjadi gerakan kapitalis, secara efektif membuat demokrat sosial mirip dengan partai non-sosialis seperti [[Partai Demokrat (AS)|Partai Demokrat]] di Amerika Serikat.{{sfn|Hinnfors|2006|pp=117, 137–139}}
 
[[Sosialisme pasar]] juga mengkritik negara kesejahteraan demokrat sosial. Sementara tujuan keduanya adalah untuk mencapai kesetaraan sosial dan ekonomi, sosialisme pasar melakukannya dengan perubahan dalam kepemilikan dan manajemen perusahaan, sedangkan demokrasi sosial berusaha melakukannya dengan subsidi dan pajak terhadap perusahaan milik pribadi untuk membiayai program kesejahteraan. [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] dan David Belkin mengkritik demokrasi sosial karena mempertahankan [[Pemasukan properti|kelas kapitalis]] pemilik properti yang memiliki minat aktif untuk membalikkan kebijakan kesejahteraan demokrasi sosial, dan jumlah kekuatan yang tidak proporsional sebagai kelas untuk mempengaruhi kebijakan pemerintah.{{sfn|Weisskopf|1994|pp=314–315|ps=: "Social democracy achieves greater egalitarianism via ''ex post'' government taxes and subsidies, where market socialism does so via ''ex ante'' changes in patterns of enterprise ownership [...] the maintenance of property-owning capitalists under social democracy assures the presence of a disproportionately powerful class with a continuing interest in challenging social democratic government policies."}} Ekonom [[John Roemer]] dan [[Pranab Bardhan]] menunjukkan bahwa demokrasi sosial membutuhkan [[gerakan buruh]] yang kuat untuk mempertahankan redistribusi besarnya melalui pajak, dan bahwa idealistis untuk berpikir redistribusi semacam itu dapat dicapai di negara-negara lain dengan gerakan buruh yang lemah, serta penekanan bahwa di negara-negara Skandinavia, demokrasi sosial menurun sejalan dengan melemahnya gerakan buruh.{{sfn|Bardhan|Roemer|1992|p=104|ps=: "Since it [social democracy] permits a powerful capitalist class to exist (90 percent of productive assets are privately owned in Sweden), only a strong and unified labor movement can win the redistribution through taxes that is characteristic of social democracy. It is idealistic to believe that tax concessions of this magnitude can be effected simply through electoral democracy without an organized labor movement, when capitalists organize and finance influential political parties. Even in the Scandinavian countries, strong apex labor organizations have been difficult to sustain and social democracy is somewhat on the decline now."}}
 
[[Joseph Stalin]] adalah seorang kritikus yang vokal terhadap demokrasi sosial, yang kemudian menciptakan istilah [[fasisme sosial]] untuk menjelaskan demokrasi sosial pada 1930-an karena pada periode ini demokrasi sosial menganut [[Korporatisme|model ekonomi korporatis]] yang serupa dengan model yang didukung oleh [[fasisme]]. Pandangan ini dianut oleh [[Komunis Internasional]]. Dikatakan bahwa masyarakat kapitalis telah memasuki [[Periode Ketiga]] ketika [[Revolusi proletariat|revolusi kelas pekerja]] sudah dekat, tetapi dapat dicegah oleh demokrat sosial dan kekuatan fasis lainnya.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/03017605.2011.621248|title=Entering a Theoretical Void: The Theory of Social Fascism and Stalinism in the German Communist Party|journal=Critique|volume=39|issue=4|pages=563–582|year=2011|last=Haro|first=Lea}}</ref>
 
Beberapa kritikus mengklaim bahwa demokrasi sosial meninggalkan sosialisme pada 1930-an dengan mendukung [[kapitalisme kesejahteraan]] Keynesian.{{sfnm|1a1=Wright|1y=1999|1pp=91|2a1=Fitzpatrick|2y=2003|2pp=2–3}} Teoretikus politik sosialis demokrat, [[Michael Harrington]], berpendapat bahwa demokrasi sosial secara historis mendukung [[Keynesianisme]] sebagai bagian dari "kompromi demokrasi sosial" antara kapitalisme dan sosialisme. Kompromi ini menciptakan negara kesejahteraan dan Harrington berpendapat bahwa meskipun kompromi ini tidak memungkinkan terciptanya sosialisme secara cepat, kompromi ini "mengakui prinsip nonkapitalis-dan bahkan antikapitalis-kebutuhan manusia melebihi dan di atas keharusan profit".{{sfn|Harrington|2011|p=93}} Baru-baru ini, demokrat sosial yang mendukung [[Jalan Ketiga]] dituduh telah mendukung kapitalisme, termasuk oleh demokrat sosial anti-Jalan Ketiga yang menuduh pendukung Jalan Ketiga seperti [[Anthony Giddens]] sebagai orang yang dalam praktiknya antidemokrasi sosial dan antisosialis.{{sfn|Cammack|2004|p=155}}
 
== Partai politik demokrat sosial ternama di seluruh dunia ==
Baris 40 ⟶ 65:
* Jerman: [[Partai Demokrat Sosial Jerman]]
* Ghana: [[Kongres Demokrasi Nasional (Ghana)|Kongres Demokrasi Nasional]]
* Yunani: [[Gerakan Sosialis PanhellenicPan-Yunani]]
* Greenland: [[Siumut]]
* Hungaria: [[Partai Sosialis Hungaria]]
Baris 47 ⟶ 72:
* Irlandia: [[Partai Buruh (Irlandia)|Partai Buruh]], [[Demokrat Sosial (Irlandia)|Demokrat Sosial]]
* Israel: [[Partai Buruh Israel]], [[Meretz]]
* Italia: [[DemocraticPartai PartyDemokrat (ItalyItalia)|DemocraticPartai PartyDemokrat]]
* Lithuania: [[Partai Demokrat Sosial Lithuanian]]
* Luxembourg: [[Partai Pekerja Sosialis Luxembourg]]
Baris 76 ⟶ 101:
* Swiss: [[Partai Demokrat Sosial Swiss]]
* Turki: [[Partai Rakyat Republik (Turkey)|Partai Rakyat Republik]]
* Britania Raya: [[Partai Buruh (UKBritania Raya)|Partai Buruh]], [[Demokrat Liberal (UKBritania Raya)|Demokrat Liberal]], [[Partai Demokrat Sosial dan Buruh]]
* Amerika Serikat: [[Demokrat Keadilan]]
* Venezuela: [[Aksi Demokratik (Venezuela)|Aksi Demokratik]]
Baris 163 ⟶ 188:
{{div col end}}
 
== lihatLihat pula ==
* [[Bisnis sadar]]
* [[Ekonomi konstitusional]]
Baris 172 ⟶ 197:
 
== Referensi ==
=== Kutipan ===
{{reflist}}
 
=== Sumber ===
{{refbegin|40em|indent=yes}}
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: {{cite book|year=1989|editor1-last=Agrawal|editor1-first=S. P.|editor2-last=Aggarwal|editor2-first=J. C.|title=Nehru on Social Issues|location=New Delhi|publisher=Concept Publishing|isbn=978-817022207-1|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Alpert|first1=Michael|title=A New International History of the Spanish Civil War|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Aspalter|first1=Christian|year=2001|title=Importance of Christian and Social Democratic Movements in Welfare Politics: With Special Reference to Germany, Austria and Sweden|location=Huntington, New York|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|isbn=978-1-56072-975-4|ref=harv}}
: {{cite encyclopedia|year=2011|title=Social Democracy|editor-last1=Badie|editor-first1=Bertrand|editor-last2=Berg-Schlosser|editor-first2=Dirk|editor-last3=Morlino|editor-first3=Leonardo|encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of Political Science|volume=8|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-1-4129-5963-6|ref=harv}}
: {{cite journal|last1=Bardhan|first1=Pranab|author-link1=Pranab Bardhan|last2=Roemer|first2=John E.|author-link2=John Roemer|year=1992|title=Market Socialism: A Case for Rejuvenation|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=6|issue=3|pages=101–116|doi=10.1257/jep.6.3.101|issn=0895-3309|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Barrientos|first1=Armando|last2=Powell|first2=Martin|year=2004|chapter=The Route Map of the Third Way|editor1-last=Hale|editor1-first=Sarah|editor2-last=Leggett|editor2-first=Will|editor3-last=Martell|editor3-first=Luke|title=The Third Way and Beyond: Criticisms, Futures and Alternatives|publisher=Manchester University Press|pages=9–26|isbn=978-0-7190-6598-9|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Berger|first1=Mark T.|year=2004|title=The Battle for Asia: From Decolonization to Globalization|series=Asia's Transformations|location=London|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|isbn=978-0-415-32529-5|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Berman|first1=Sheri|year=1998|title=The Social Democratic Moment: Ideas and Politics in the Making of Interwar Europe|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-44261-0|ref=harv|url=https://archive.org/details/socialdemocratic00berm_0}}
: {{cite book|last1=Berman|first1=Sheri|author-mask1={{long dash}}|year=2006|title=The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe's Twentieth Century|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81799-8|ref=harv}}
: {{cite conference|url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers/berman.pdf|title=Understanding Social Democracy|last=Berman|first=Sheri|author-mask1={{long dash}}|year=2008|conference=What's Left of the Left: Liberalism and Social Democracy in a Globalized World|conference-url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers.html|publisher=Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|accessdate=29 January 2016|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Bernstein|first1=Eduard|author-link1=Eduard Bernstein|year=2004|orig-year=1993|editor1-last=Tudor|editor1-first=Henry|translator-last=Tudor|translator-first=Henry|title=The Preconditions of Socialism|series=Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought|location=Cambridge, England|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-39121-4|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Blaazer|first1=David|year=2002|origyear=1992|title=The Popular Front and the Progressive Tradition: Socialists, Liberals, and the Quest for Unity, 1884–1939|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-41383-1|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Bogdanor|first1=Vernon|author-link1=Vernon Bogdanor|year=1985|chapter=The Social Democratic Party and the Alliance|editor1-last=Burch|editor1-first=Martin|editor2-last=Jaenicke|editor2-first=Douglas|editor3-last=Gardner|editor3-first=John|title=Three Political Systems: A Reader in British, Soviet and American Politics|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-1085-9|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Bookchin|first1=Murray|author-link1=Murray Bookchin|year=1998|title=The Third Revolution: Popular Movements in the Revolutionary Era|volume=2|location=London|publisher=Cassell|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Britain|first1=Ian|year=2005|orig-year=1982|title=Fabianism and Culture: A Study in British Socialism and the Arts, c. 1884–1918|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-02129-6|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Bronner|first1=Stephen Eric|author-link1=Stephen Bronner|year=1999|title=Ideas in Action: Political Tradition in the Twentieth Century|location=Oxford|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-8476-9387-0|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Busky|first1=Donald F.|year=2000|title=Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey|location=Westport, Connecticut|publisher=Praeger Publishers|isbn=978-0-275-96886-1|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Cammack|first1=Paul|year=2004|chapter=Giddens's Way with Words|editor1-last=Hale|editor1-first=Sarah|editor2-last=Leggett|editor2-first=Will|editor3-last=Martell|editor3-first=Luke|title=The Third Way and Beyond: Criticisms, Futures and Alternatives|publisher=Manchester University Press|pages=151–166|isbn=978-0-7190-6598-9|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Ceplair|first1=Larry|year=1987|title=Under the Shadow of War: Fascism, Anti-Fascism, and Marxists, 1918–1939|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-06532-0|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Chickering|first1=Roger|author-link1=Roger Chickering|title=Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Childs|first1=David|author-link1=David Childs (academic)|year=2000|title=The Two Red Flags: European Social Democracy and Soviet Communism since 1945|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-22195-5|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Clapson|first1=Mark|year=2009|title=The Routledge Companion to Britain in the Twentieth Century|series=Routledge Companions to History|location=Abingdon, Oxfordshire|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-27535-4|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Clarke|first=Peter|title=Liberals and Social Democrats|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1981|isbn=978-0-521-28651-0|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Corfe|first1=Robert|year=2010|title=The Future of Politics: With the Demise of the Left/Right Confrontational System|location=Bury St Edmunds, England|publisher=Arena Books|isbn=978-1-906791-46-9|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Diamond|first1=Patrick|author-link1=Patrick Diamond|year=2012|chapter=From Fatalism to Fraternity: Governing Purpose and Good Society|editor1-last=Cramme|editor1-first=Olaf|editor2-last=Diamond|editor2-first=Patrick|title=After the Third Way: The Future of Social Democracy in Europe|location=London|publisher=I.B. Tauris|pages=1–27|isbn=978-1-84885-992-0|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Edinger|first1=Lewis Joachim|year=1956|title=German Exile Politics: The Social Democratic Executive Committee in the Nazi Era|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Ellis|first1=Catherine|year=2004|chapter=Total Abstinence and a Good Filing-System? Anthony Crosland and the Affluent Society|editor1-last=Black|editor1-first=Lawrence|editor2-last=Pemberton|editor2-first=Hugh|title=An Affluent Society? Britain's Post-War 'Golden Age' Revisited|series=Modern Economic and Social History|location=Aldershot, England|publisher=Ashgate|pages=69–84|isbn=978-0-7546-3528-4|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Fitzpatrick|first1=Tony|year=2003|title=After the New Social Democracy: Social Welfare for the Twenty-First Century|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6477-7|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Gamble|first1=Andrew|author-link1=Andrew Gamble|year=2012|chapter=Debt and Deficits: The Quest for Economic Competence|editor1-last=Cramme|editor1-first=Olaf|editor2-last=Diamond|editor2-first=Patrick|editor2-link=Patrick Diamond|title=After the Third Way: The Future of Social Democracy in Europe|location=London|publisher=I.B. Tauris|pages=45–59|isbn=978-1-84885-992-0|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Giddens|first1=Anthony|author-link1=Anthony Giddens|year=1998|orig-year=1994|title=Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics|location=Cambridge, England|publisher=Polity Press|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Giddens|first1=Anthony|author-link1=Anthony Giddens|author-mask1={{long dash}}|year=2003|chapter=Neoprogressivism: A New Agenda for Social Democracy|editor1-last=Giddens|editor1-first=Anthony|editor1-link=Anthony Giddens|title=The Progressive Manifesto: New Ideas for the Centre-Left|location=Cambridge, England|publisher=Polity Press|pages=1–34|isbn=978-0-7456-3295-7|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|year=2009|editor-last1=Gombert|editor-first1=Tobias|editor-last2=Bläsius|editor-first2=Julia|editor-last3=Krell|editor-first3=Christian|editor-last4=Timpe|editor-first4=Martin|title=Foundations of Social Democracy|url=http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/07077.pdf|series=Social Democratic Reader|volume=1|translator-last1=Patterson|translator-first1=James|location=Berlin|publisher=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung|isbn=978-3-86872-215-4|accessdate=31 January 2016|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Harrington|first1=Michael|author-link1=Michael Harrington|year=2011|orig-year=1989|title=Socialism: Past and Future|location=New York|publisher=Arcade Publishing|isbn=978-1-61145-335-5|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Hart|first1=John M.|year=1986|chapter=Agrarian Reform|editor1-last=Raat|editor1-first=W. Dirk|editor2-last=Beezley|editor2-first=William H.|title=Twentieth-Century Mexico|location=Lincoln, Nebraska|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|pages=6–16|isbn=978-0-8032-8914-7|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Heywood|first=Andrew|year=2012|title=Political Ideologies: An Introduction|edition=5th|location=Basingstoke, England|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn= 978-0-230-36725-8|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Hinnfors|first1=Jonas|year=2006|title=Reinterpreting Social Democracy: A History of Stability in the British Labour Party and Swedish Social Democratic Party|series=Critical Labour Movement Studies|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-7362-5|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Hoefer|first=Richard|year=2013|chapter=Social Welfare Policy and Politics|editor1-last=Colby|editor1-first=Ira C.|editor2-last=Dolmus|editor2-first=Catherine N.|editor3-last=Sowers|editor3-first=Karen M.|title=Connecting Social Welfare Policy to Fields of Practice|location=Hoboken, New Jersey|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-17700-6|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Hollander|first1=Samuel|author-link1=Samuel Hollander|year=2011|title=Friedrich Engels and Marxian Political Economy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-76163-5|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Hudson|first1=Kate|author-link1=Kate Hudson (activist)|year=2012|title=The New European Left: A Socialism for the Twenty-First Century?|location=Basingstoke, England|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-24876-2|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Ishay|first1=Michelle R.|year=2008|orig-year=2005|title=The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25641-5|ref=harv}}
: {{cite encyclopedia|last=Jackson|first=Ben|year=2008|title=Social Democracy|editor1-last=Durlauf|editor1-first=Steven N.|editor1-link=Steven N. Durlauf|editor2-last=Blume|editor2-first=Lawrence E.|editor2-link=Lawrence E. Blume|encyclopedia=[[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]]|volume=7|edition=2nd|location=Basingstoke, England|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-78676-5|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Janowsky|first1=Oscar Isaiah|year=1959|title=Foundations of Israel: Emergence of a Welfare State|location=Princeton, New Jersey|publisher=Van Nostrand|ref=harv}}
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: {{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Elliott|last2=Walker|first2=David|last3=Gray|first3=Daniel|year=2014|title=Historical Dictionary of Marxism|series=Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements|edition=2nd|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3798-8|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|year=2001|editor-last=Jones|editor-first=R. J. Barry|title=Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy|volume=3|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-14532-9|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Kreisky|first1=Bruno|year=2000|editor-last1=Berg|editor-first1=Matthew Paul|editor-last2=Lewis|editor-first2=Jill|editor-last3=Rathkolb|editor-first3=Oliver|title=The Struggle for a Democratic Austria: Bruno Kreisky on Peace and Social Justice|translator-last1=Atkins|translator-first1=Helen|translator-last2=Berg|translator-first2=Matthew Paul|location=New York|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-155-4|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Lafontaine|first1=Oskar|author-link1=Oskar Lafontaine|year=2009|title=Left Parties Everywhere?|series=Socialist Renewal|location=Nottingham, England|publisher=Spokesman Books|isbn=978-0-85124-764-9|ref=harv}}
: {{cite encyclopedia|year=2006|editor1-last=Lamb|editor1-first=Peter|editor2-last=Docherty|editor2-first=James C.|encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Socialism|edition=2nd|series=Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements|volume=73|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5560-1|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Macfarlane|first1=Leslie|year=1996|chapter=Socialism and Common Ownership: An Historical Perspective|editor1-last=King|editor1-first=Preston|editor1-link=Preston King (academic)|title=Socialism and the Common Good: New Fabian Essays|location=London|publisher=Frank Cass|pages=17–62|isbn=978-0-7146-4655-8|ref=harv|url=https://archive.org/details/socialismcommong0000unse}}
: {{cite book|last=Marx|first=Karl|author-link=Karl Marx|year=1972|editor-last=Padover|editor-first=Saul K.|editor-link=Saul K. Padover|title=The Karl Marx Library|volume=Volume I: On Revolution|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Matthijs|first1=Matthias|year=2011|title=Ideas and Economic Crises in Britain from Attlee to Blair (1945–2005)|series=Routledge Explorations in Economic History|volume=49|location=Abingdon, England|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-57944-5|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=McBriar|first1=A. M.|year=1962|title=Fabian Socialism and English Politics: 1884–1918|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Merkel|first1=Wolfgang|last2=Petring|first2=Alexander|last3=Henkes|first3=Christian|last4=Egle|first4=Christoph|year=2008|title=Social Democracy in Power: The Capacity to Reform|series=Routledge Research in Comparative Politics|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-43820-9|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Meyer|first1=Thomas|last2=Hinchman|first2=Lewis P.|author-link1=Thomas Meyer (political scientist)|year=2007|title=The Theory of Social Democracy|location=Cambridge, England|publisher=Polity Press|isbn=978-0-7456-4113-3|ref=harv}}
: {{cite encyclopedia|last=Miller|first=David|author-link=David Miller (political theorist)|year=1998|title=Social Democracy|editor-last=Craig|editor-first=Edward|editor-link=Edward Craig (philosopher)|encyclopedia=[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]|volume=8|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-18713-8|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Morgan|first1=Austen|year=1987|title=J. Ramsay MacDonald|series=Lives of the Left|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-2168-8|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Morgan|first1=Kevin|year=2006|title=MacDonald|series=20 British Prime Ministers of the 20th Century|location=London|publisher=Haus Publishing|isbn=978-1-904950-61-5|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Naarden|first1=Bruno|year=2002|orig-year=1992|title=Socialist Europe and Revolutionary Russia: Perception and Prejudice, 1848–1923|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-89283-4|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Notermans|first1=Ton|year=2000|title=Money, Markets, and the State: Social Democratic Economic Policies since 1918|series=Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63339-0|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Orlow|first1=Dietrich|year=2000|title=Common Destiny: A Comparative History of the Dutch, French, and German Social Democratic Parties, 1945–1969|location=New York|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-185-1|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Rodríguez García|first1=Magaly|year=2010|title=Liberal Workers of the World, Unite?: The ICFTU and the Defence of Labour Liberalism in Europe and Latin America (1949–1969)|series=Trade Unions Past, Present, and Future|volume=5|location=Bern|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-3-0343-0112-1|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Romano|first1=Flavio|year=2006|title=Clinton and Blair: The Political Economy of the Third Way|series=Routledge Frontiers of Political Economy|volume=75|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-37858-1|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Rubinstein|first1=David|author-link1=David Rubinstein (social historian)|year=2006|title=The Labour Party and British Society: 1880–2005|location=Brighton, England|publisher=Sussex University Press|isbn=978-1-84519-055-2|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Schorske|first1=Carl E.|author-link1=Carl Emil Schorske|year=1993|origyear=1955|title=German Social Democracy, 1905–1917: The Development of the Great Schism|series=Harvard Historical Studies|volume=65|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-35125-7|ref=harv}}
: {{cite encyclopedia|last=Schweickart|first=David|author-link=David Schweickart|editor1-last=Anderson|editor1-first=Gary L.|editor2-last=Herr|editor2-first=Kathryn G.|year=2007|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice|title=Democratic Socialism|publisher=Sage Publications|volume=1|location=Thousand Oaks, California|isbn=978-1-4129-1812-1|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Sejersted|first1=Francis|author-link1=Francis Sejersted|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Madeleine B.|translator-last=Daly|translator-first=Richard|year=2011|title=The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14774-1|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Slomp|first1=Hans|year=2011|title=Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics|volume=1|location=Santa Barbara, California|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-39182-8|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Steger|first1=Manfred B.|author-link1=Manfred Steger|year=1997|title=The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism: Eduard Bernstein and Social Democracy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-58200-1|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Steger|first1=Manfred B.|author-link1=Manfred Steger|author-mask1={{long dash}}|year=1999|chapter=Friedrich Engels and the Origins of German Revisionism: Another Look|editor-last1=Steger|editor-first1=Manfred B.|editor-link1=Manfred Steger|editor-last2=Carver|editor-first2=Terrell|editor-link2=Terrell Carver|title=Engels After Marx|location=University Park, Pennsylvania|publisher=Pennsylvania State University|pages=181–196|isbn=978-0-271-01891-1|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Tansey|first1=Stephen D.|last2=Jackson|first2=Nigel|year=2008|title=Politics: The Basics|edition=4th|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-42244-4|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=Noel|year=2006|title=Political Economy and the Labour Party: The Economics of Democratic Socialism, 1884–2005|url=http://www.untag-smd.ac.id/files/Perpustakaan_Digital_2/POLITICAL%20ECONOMY%20Political%20Economy%20and%20the%20Labour%20Party%20The%20economics%20of%20democratic%20socialism,%201.pdf|edition=2nd|location=Abingdon, England|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-32880-7|accessdate=1 February 2016|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Ticktin|first1=Hillel|author-link1=Hillel Ticktin|year=1998|chapter=The Problem is Market Socialism|editor1-last=Ollman|editor1-first=Bertell|editor1-link=Bertell Ollman|title=Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|pages=55–80|isbn=978-0-415-91966-1|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|editor1-last=Tucker|editor1-first=Spencer C.|editor1-link=Spencer C. Tucker|editor2-last=Roberts|editor2-first=Priscilla Mary|title=World War I: A Student Encyclopedia|location=Santa Barbara, California|publisher=ABC-CLIO|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Upchurch|first1=Martin|last2=Taylor|first2=Graham|last3=Mathers|first3=Andrew|year=2009|title=The Crisis of Social Democratic Trade Unionism in Western Europe: The Search for Alternatives|series=Contemporary Employment Relations|location=Farnham, England|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=978-0-7546-7053-7|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Van Oudenaren|first1=John|year=1991|title=Détente in Europe: The Soviet Union and the West since 1953|location=Durham, North Carolina|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-1133-1|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Ward|first1=Paul|year=1998|title=Red Flag and Union Jack: Englishness, Patriotism and the British Left, 1881–1924|series=Studies in History|location=Woodbridge, England|publisher=Boydell Press|isbn=978-0-86193-239-9|issn=0269-2244|ref=harv}}
: {{cite journal|last1=Weisskopf|first1=Thomas E.|year=1992|title=Toward the Socialism of the Future, in the Wake of the Demise of the Socialism of the Past |journal=Review of Radical Political Economics|volume=24|issue=3–4|pages=1–28|doi=10.1177/048661349202400302|issn=0486-6134 |ref=harv|hdl=2027.42/68447}}
: {{cite book|last1=Weisskopf|first1=Thomas E.|author-mask1={{long dash}}|year=1994|chapter=Challenges to Market Socialism: A Response to Critics|editor1-last=Roosevelt|editor1-first=Frank|editor1-link=Franklin Delano Roosevelt III|editor2-last=Belkin|editor2-first=David|title=Why Market Socialism? Voices from Dissent|location=Armonk, New York|publisher=M. E. Sharpe|pages=297–318|isbn=978-1-56324-465-0|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last=Wolinetz|first=Steven|year=2008|chapter=Trimming Sails: The Dutch and the EU Constitution after the Referendum|editor-last1=Laursen|editor-first1=Finn|title=The Rise and Fall of the EU's Constitutional Treaty|series=Constitutional Law Library|volume=5|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=978-900416806-0|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Wright|first1=Anthony|year=1999|chapter=Social Democracy and Democratic Socialism|editor1-last=Eatwell|editor1-first=Roger|editor1-link=Roger Eatwell|editor2-last=Wright|editor2-first=Anthony|title=Contemporary Political Ideologies|edition=2nd|location=London|publisher=Continuum|pages=80–103|isbn=978-1-85567-605-3|ref=harv}}
: {{cite book|last1=Whyman|first1=Philip|year=2005|title=Third Way Economics: Theory and Evaluation|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-2305-1465-2|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
 
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
{{refbegin|40em|indent=yes}}
: {{cite book|last1=Brandal|first1=Nik|last2=Bratberg|first2=Øivind|last3=Thorsen|first3=Dag Einar|year=2013|title=The Nordic Model of Social Democracy|location=Basingstoke, England|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-01326-2}}
: {{cite book|year=2011|editor1-last=Cronin|editor1-first=James E.|editor2-last=Ross|editor2-first=George W.|editor3-last=Shoch|editor3-first=James|title=What's Left of the Left: Democrats and Social Democrats in Challenging Times|location=Durham, North Carolina|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-5079-8}}
: {{cite book|year=2012|editor1-last=Evans|editor1-first=Bryan|editor2-last=Schmidt|editor2-first=Ingo|title=Social Democracy After the Cold War|location=Edmonton, Alberta|publisher=Athabasca University Press|isbn=978-1-926836-87-4}}
: {{cite book|last=Kenworthy|first=Lane|author-link=Lane Kenworthy|year=2014|title=Social Democratic America|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932251-0}}
: {{cite book|last=Lavelle|first=Ashley|year=2008|title=The Death of Social Democracy: Political Consequences in the 21st Century|location=Aldershot, England|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-7546-7014-8}}
: {{cite web|last=Martell|first=Luke|year=2011|title=Conflicts in Cosmopolitanism and the Global Left|url=http://www.policy-network.net/pno_detail.aspx?ID=4089|location=London|publisher=Policy Network|accessdate=3 August 2016}}
: {{cite magazine|last=Sachs|first=Jeffrey D.|author-link=Jeffrey Sachs|year=2006|title=The Social Welfare State, beyond Ideology|url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=000AF3D5-6DC9-152E-A9F183414B7F0000&colID=31|magazine=[[Scientific American]]|volume=295|issue=5|page=42|location=New York|issn=0036-8733|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012141326/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=000AF3D5-6DC9-152E-A9F183414B7F0000&colID=31|archivedate=12 October 2007|accessdate=2 August 2016}}
: {{cite web|last1=Thorsen|first1=Dag Einar|last2=Brandal|first2=Nik|last3=Bratberg|first3=Øivind|year=2013|title=Utopia Sustained: The Nordic Model of Social Democracy|url=http://www.fabians.org.uk/utopia-sustained-the-nordic-model-of-social-democracy/|location=London|publisher=Fabian Society|accessdate=2 August 2016}}
{{refend}}
 
== Pranala luar ==
Baris 192 ⟶ 317:
[[Kategori:Ideologi ekonomi]]
[[Kategori:Ideologi politik]]
[[Kategori:Filsafat sosial|Demokrasi]]
[[Kategori:Sosialisme]]
[[Kategori:Keadilan sosial]]
Diperoleh dari "https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi_sosial"