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|image1=ENSO - normal.svg|caption1=Pola Pasifik normal: Air hangat di barat mendorong konveksi atmosfer yang dalam. Angin lokal menyebabkan air dingin yang kaya nutrisi naik di sepanjang pantai Amerika Selatan. ([[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] / [[Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory|PMEL]] / TAO)
|image2=ENSO - El Niño.svg|caption2=Kondisi El Niño: air hangat dan konveksi atmosfer bergerak ke timur. Pada El Niño yang kuat, termoklin yang lebih dalam di lepas pantai Amerika Selatan berarti air yang naik hangat dan miskin nutrisi.
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'''El Niño''' ({{IPAc-en|ɛ|l|_|ˈ|n|iː|n|.|j|oʊ}}; {{IPA-es|el ˈniɲo|lang}}) adalah fase hangat dari [[El Niño–Osilasi Selatan]] (''El Niño–Southern Oscillation'', ENSO) dan dikaitkan dengan sekelompok air laut hangat yang berkembang di pusat dan timur-tengah Pasifik khatulistiwa (antara kira-kira [[Batas penanggalan internasional|Garis Penanggalan Internasional]] dan 120°BB), termasuk daerah di lepas pantai Pasifik [[Amerika Selatan]]. ENSO adalah siklus [[suhu permukaan laut]] (''sea surface temperature'', SST) hangat dan dingin dari Samudra Pasifik tropis tengah dan timur. El Niño disertai dengan [[Tekanan atmosfer|tekanan udara]] tinggi di Pasifik barat dan tekanan udara rendah di Pasifik timur. Fase El Niño diketahui terjadi hampir empat tahun, namun, catatan menunjukkan bahwa siklus tersebut telah berlangsung antara dua dan tujuh tahun. Selama pengembangan El Niño, curah hujan berkembang antara September-November.<ref>{{cite book |title=El Niño 1997-98 The Climate Event of The Century |last=Changnon |first=Stanley A |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-19-513552-0 |location=198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 |pages=35}}</ref> Fase dingin ENSO adalah [[La Niña]], dengan SST di Pasifik timur di bawah rata-rata, dan tekanan udara tinggi di Pasifik timur dan rendah di Pasifik barat. Siklus ENSO, termasuk El Niño dan La Niña, menyebabkan perubahan suhu dan curah hujan global.<ref name="CPC ENSO">{{cite web | author = Climate Prediction Center | publisher = [[National Centers for Environmental Prediction]] | title = Frequently Asked Questions about El Niño and La Niña | url = http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ensofaq.shtml#DIFFER | date = 19 December 2005 | access-date = 17 July 2009 | author-link = Climate Prediction Center | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090827143632/http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ensofaq.shtml#DIFFER | archive-date = 27 August 2009 | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. The contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |editors=Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor, and H.L. Miller |chapter=Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change|publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |pages=235–336 |chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch3.html|author1=K.E. Trenberth |author2=P.D. Jones |author3=P. Ambenje |author4=R. Bojariu |author5=D. Easterling |author6=A. Klein Tank |author7=D. Parker |author8=F. Rahimzadeh |author9=J.A. Renwick |author10=M. Rusticucci |author11=B. Soden |author12=P. Zhai }}</ref>
Negara-negara berkembang yang bergantung pada pertanian dan perikanannya sendiri, khususnya yang berbatasan dengan Samudra Pasifik, biasanya paling terpengaruh. Dalam [[Bahasa Spanyol di Amerika|bahasa Spanyol Amerika]], istilah ''El Niño'' dengan huruf besar berarti "anak laki-laki". Dalam fase Osilasi ini, air hangat di Pasifik dekat Amerika Selatan sering kali paling hangat sekitar [[Natal]].<ref name="DFG">{{cite web |url=https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Marine/El-Nino |title=El Niño Information |work=California Department of Fish and Game, Marine Region}}</ref> Nama asli fase ini, ''El Niño de [[Nochebuena|Navidad]]'', muncul berabad-abad yang lalu, ketika para nelayan Peru menamakan fenomena cuaca itu berdasarkan nama [[Kanak-kanak Yesus|Kristus yang baru lahir]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The Strongest El Nino in Decades Is Going to Mess With Everything|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-21/a-huge-el-nino-is-spreading-all-kinds-of-mayhem-around-the-world|access-date=18 February 2017|work=Bloomberg.com|date=21 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=How the Pacific Ocean changes weather around the world|url=http://www.popsci.com/how-pacific-ocean-changes-weather-around-world#page-8|access-date=19 February 2017|work=Popular Science|language=en}}</ref> La Niña, dipilih sebagai "lawan" dari El Niño, adalah bahasa Spanyol Amerika untuk "si gadis".
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
* {{cite book| last = Caviedes| first = César N.| title = El Niño in History: Storming Through the Ages| year = 2001| publisher = [[University Press of Florida]]| location = Gainesville| isbn = 978-0-8130-2099-0}}
* {{cite book| last = Fagan| first = Brian M.| authorlink = Brian M. Fagan| title = Floods, Famines, and Emperors: El Niño and the Fate of Civilizations| year = 1999| publisher = Basic Books| location = New York| isbn = 978-0-7126-6478-3}}
* {{cite book| last = Glantz| first = Michael H.| title = Currents of change| year = 2001| publisher = Cambridge University Press| location = Cambridge| isbn = 978-0-521-78672-0| url = https://archive.org/details/currentsofchange00glan_0}}
* {{cite book| last = Philander| first = S. George| title = El Niño, La Niña and the Southern Oscillation| year = 1990| publisher = Academic Press| location = San Diego| isbn = 978-0-12-553235-8}}
* {{cite journal |author1=Kuenzer, C. |author2=Zhao, D. |author3=Scipal, K. |author4=Sabel, D. |author5=Naeimi, V. |author6=Bartalis, Z. |author7=Hasenauer, S. |author8=Mehl, H. |author9=Dech, S. |author10=Waganer, W. |year=2009 |title=El Niño southern oscillation influences represented in ERS scatterometer-derived soil moisture data |journal=Applied Geography |doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2009.04.004 | volume=29 | issue=4 | pages=463–477}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=J. |first2=S.-P. |last2=Xie |first3=E.R. |last3=Cook |first4=M. |last4=Morales |first5=D. |last5=Christie |first6=N. |last6=Johnson |first7=F. |last7=Chen |first8=R. |last8=d’Arrigo |first9=A. |last9=Fowler |first10=X. |last10=Gou |first11=K. |last11=Fang |year=2013 |title=El Niño modulations over the past seven centuries |journal=Nature Climate Change |doi=10.1038/nclimate1936 |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=822–826|bibcode=2013NatCC...3..822L }}
== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category|ENSO}}
* [https://www.climate.gov/enso NOAA El Niño & La Niña (El Niño-Southern Oscillation)]
* [http://www.fao.org/emergencies/crisis/el-nino/en/ FAO response to El Niño]
* [http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/science/elninopdo/latestdata/ Latest El Niño/La Niña Watch Data] from NASA JPL's Ocean Surface Topography Mission
* [http://www.ericjlyman.com/elnino.html El Niño and La Niña from the 1999 International Red Cross World Disasters Report] by Eric J. Lyman.
* [http://www.oceanmotion.org/html/impact/el-nino.htm Ocean Motion: El Niño]
* [http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/elnino El Niño Theme Page] A comprehensive resource
* [http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/elnino/el-nino-story.html What is El Niño?]
* [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=43105 Kelvin Wave Renews El Niño — NASA, Earth Observatory image of the day, 2010, 21 March]
* [http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/ocean/sst/anomaly/.htm Current Operational SST Anomaly Charts - OSPO - NOAA OSPO]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.shtml Climate Prediction Center: ENSO Diagnostic Discussion]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171119103934/http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/JAWF_Monitoring/SEAsia/index.shtml Weather maps - Southeast Asia - meteoblue]
[[Category:Meteorologi tropis]]
[[Category:Oseanografi fisik]]
[[Category:Sejarah alam Amerika]]
[[Category:Sejarah alam Oseania]]
[[Category:Efek pemanasan global]]
[[Category:Pola iklim]]
[[Category:Bahaya cuaca]]
[[Category:Kata dan frasa Spanyol]]
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