Musik elektronik: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox music genre
| name = Musik elektronik
| color = black
| bgcolor = silver
| cultural_origins = Akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, Eropa dan Amerika Serikat
| stylistic_origins = {{flatlist|
* [[Modernisme (musik)|Modernisme]]
* [[Futurisme (musik)|Futurisme]]
}}
| instruments = {{flatlist|
*[[Digital audio workstation]]
*[[MIDI]]
*[[alat musik elektronik]]
}}
| derivatives = {{flatlist|
* [[Musik ambien|Ambien]]
* [[Musik dub|dub]]
* [[Musik hip hop|hip hop]]
* [[krautrock]]
* [[neo soul]]
* [[Musik new-age|new-age]]
* [[Musik new wave|new wave]]
* [[Noise music|noise]]
* [[post-disco]]
* [[post-punk]]
* [[psychedelic music|psychedelic]]
}}
| subgenres = <!--- This list omits subgenres of subgenres ---> {{flatlist|
* [[Chiptune]]
* [[drum dan bass]]
* [[Musik dansa elektronik|EDM]]
* [[Elektro (musik)|elektro]]
* [[Musik elektroakustik|elektroakustik]]
* [[electronica]]
* [[Glitch (musik)|glitch]]
* [[Musik house|house]]
* [[Intelligent dance music|IDM]]
* [[Musik industrial|industrial]]
* [[Jungle music|jungle]]
* [[techno]]
* [[Musik trance|trance]]
}}
| fusiongenres = {{flatlist|
* [[Rok elektronik]]
* [[electronicore]]
* [[elektropop]]
* [[elektropunk]]
* [[elektronik indie]]
* [[nu jazz]]
* [[electro swing]]
* [[synth-pop]]
* [[trip hop]]
}}
| other_topics = {{flatlist|
* [[Musik avant-garde]]
* [[Musik komputer]]
* [[elektronik dalam musik rok]]
* [[musik eksperimental]]
* [[teknologi musik (elektronik dan digital)]]
* [[garis waktu genre musik elektronik]]
}}
}}
'''Musik elektronik''' adalah musik yang menggunakan [[alat musik elektronik]], instrumen digital, dan [[teknologi musik]] [[Elektronika|berbasis sirkuit]]. Secara umum, dapat dibedakan antara suara yang diproduksi menggunakan cara elektromekanis ([[musik elektroakustik]]), dan yang diproduksi hanya menggunakan elektronik.<ref name="holmes3">"The stuff of electronic music is electrically produced or modified sounds. ... two basic definitions will help put some of the historical discussion in its place: purely electronic music versus [[electroacoustic music]]" ({{harvnb|Holmes|2002|p=6}}).</ref> Instrumen elektromekanis mengandung elemen mekanik, seperti dawai, palu, dan sebagainya, dan elemen elektrik, seperti [[Pickup (teknologi musik)|pickup magnetik]], [[power amplifier]] dan [[pengeras suara]]. Contoh perangkat penghasil suara elektromekanis termasuk [[telharmonium]], [[organ Hammond]], dan [[gitar listrik]], yang biasanya dibuat cukup keras untuk didengar oleh pemain dan audiens dengan [[penguat instrumen]] dan kabinet speaker. Instrumen elektronik murni tidak memiliki dawai yang bergetar, palu, atau mekanisme penghasil suara lainnya. Perangkat seperti [[theremin]], [[synthesizer]], dan [[Musik komputer|komputer]] dapat menghasilkan suara elektronik.<ref name="holmes1">Electroacoustic music may also use electronic [[effect unit]]s to change sounds from the natural world, such as the sound of waves on a beach or bird calls. All types of sounds can be used as source material for this music. Electroacoustic performers and composers use microphones, tape recorders and digital samplers to make live or recorded music. During live performances, natural sounds are modified in real time using electronic effects and [[audio console]]s. The source of the sound can be anything from ambient noise (traffic, people talking) and nature sounds to live musicians playing conventional acoustic or electro-acoustic instruments ({{harvnb|Holmes|2002|p=8}}).</ref>
Perangkat elektronik pertama untuk pertunjukan musik dikembangkan pada akhir abad ke-19, dan tak lama kemudian [[Futurisme|futuris]] Italia mengeksplorasi suara yang belum dianggap musikal. Selama tahun 1920-an dan 1930-an, instrumen elektronik diperkenalkan dan komposisi pertama untuk instrumen elektronik dibuat. Pada tahun 1940-an, pita audio magnetik memungkinkan musisi untuk merekam suara dan kemudian memodifikasinya dengan mengubah kecepatan atau arah kaset, yang mengarah ke perkembangan [[musik pita]] [[Musik elektroakustik|elektroakustik]] pada 1940-an, di Mesir dan Prancis. [[Musique concrète]], dibuat di Paris pada tahun 1948, didasarkan pada pengeditan bersama rekaman fragmen suara alam dan industri. Musik yang diproduksi hanya dari generator elektronik pertama kali diproduksi di Jerman pada tahun 1953. Musik elektronik juga dibuat di Jepang dan Amerika Serikat dimulai pada 1950-an. Perkembangan baru yang penting adalah munculnya komputer untuk menggubah musik. Komposisi [[Algoritma|algoritmik]] dengan komputer pertama kali didemonstrasikan pada 1950-an (walaupun komposisi algoritmik ''per se'' tanpa komputer telah dibuat jauh lebih awal, misalnya [[Musikalisches Würfelspiel]] dari Mozart).
Pada 1960-an, musik elektronik langsung dipelopori di Amerika dan Eropa, alat musik elektronik Jepang mulai mempengaruhi industri musik, dan [[musik dub]] [[Jamaika]] muncul sebagai bentuk musik elektronik populer. Pada awal 1970-an, synthesizer [[synthesizer monofonik|monofonik]] [[Minimoog]] dan [[mesin drum]] Jepang membantu mempopulerkan musik elektronik yang disintesis.
Pada tahun 1970-an, musik elektronik mulai memiliki pengaruh signifikan pada [[musik populer]], dengan adopsi [[synthesizer polifonik]], [[drum elektronik]], mesin drum, dan [[Turntablisme|turntable]], melalui munculnya genre seperti [[disko]], [[krautrock]], [[gelombang baru]], [[synth-pop]], [[hip hop]] dan [[Musik dansa elektronik|EDM]]. Pada 1980-an, musik elektronik menjadi lebih dominan dalam musik populer, dengan ketergantungan yang lebih besar pada synthesizer, dan adopsi mesin drum yang dapat diprogram seperti [[Roland TR-808]] dan [[synthesizer bass]] seperti [[TB-303]]. Pada awal 1980-an, [[teknologi digital]] untuk synthesizer termasuk [[synthesizer digital]] seperti [[Yamaha DX7]] dipopulerkan, dan sekelompok musisi dan pedagang musik mengembangkan Musical Instrument Digital Interface ([[MIDI]]).
Musik yang diproduksi secara elektronik menjadi lazim di domain populer pada 1990-an, karena munculnya teknologi musik yang terjangkau.<ref>"Electronically produced music is part of the mainstream of popular culture. Musical concepts that were once considered radical—the use of environmental sounds, ambient music, turntable music, digital sampling, computer music, the electronic modification of acoustic sounds, and music made from fragments of speech-have now been subsumed by many kinds of popular music. Record store genres including new age, rap, hip-hop, electronica, techno, jazz, and popular song all rely heavily on production values and techniques that originated with classic electronic music" ({{harvnb|Holmes|2002|p=1}}). "By the 1990s, electronic music had penetrated every corner of musical life. It extended from ethereal sound-waves played by esoteric experimenters to the thumping syncopation that accompanies every pop record" ({{harvnb|Lebrecht|1996|p=106}}).</ref> Musik elektronik kontemporer mencakup banyak variasi dan mencakup [[Musik eksperimental|musik seni eksperimental]] hingga bentuk populer seperti [[musik dansa elektronik]]. Saat ini, musik elektronik pop paling dikenal dalam bentuk 4/4 dan lebih terkait dengan budaya arus utama dibandingkan dengan bentuk sebelumnya yang dikhususkan untuk pasar khusus.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Pleasure Beats: Rhythm and the Aesthetics of Current Electronic Music|url = http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/096112102762295052|journal = [[Leonardo Music Journal]] |pages = 3–6|volume = 12|doi = 10.1162/096112102762295052|first = Ben|last = Neill}}</ref>
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* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Palombini|1993}}|reference=Palombini, Carlos (1993). "Machine Songs V: Pierre Schaeffer: From Research into Noises to Experimental Music". ''Computer Music Journal'' 17, no. 3 (Autumn): 14–19. {{doi|10.2307/3680939}}. {{JSTOR|3680939}}.}}
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* {{citation |last=Russolo |first=Luigi |year=1913 |authorlink=Luigi Russolo |chapter=L'arte dei rumori: manifesto futurista |title=Manifesti del movimento futurista 14 |location=Milano |publisher=Direzione del movimento futurista}}. English version as {{citation |chapter=The Art of Noise: Futurist Manifesto 1913 |others=translated by Robert Filliou |title=A Great Bear Pamphlet 18 |location=New York |publisher=Something Else Press |issue=1967}}. Second English version as {{citation |chapter=The Art of Noises |others=translated from the Italian with an introduction by Barclay Brown |title=Monographs in Musicology no. 6 |location=New York |publisher=Pendragon Press |issue=1986 |isbn=0-918728-57-6}}.
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* {{citation |last=Schwartz |first=Elliott |year=1975 |authorlink=Elliott Schwartz |title=Electronic Music |location=New York |publisher=Praeger}}.
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* {{citation |last1=Sofer |first1=Danny |last2=and Doug Lynner |first2= |year=1977 |title=Pat Gleeson interview |journal=Synapse: the Electronic Music Magazine |volume=1 |issue=5 (January–February) |pages=21–24, 35}}.
* {{citation |last=Stevenson |first=Joseph |year=2004 |title=Tomita: Biography |publisher=Allmusic website |url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=q6265|tab=biography|pure_url=yes|accessdate=5 June 2011}}}}
* {{citation |last=Stockhausen |first=Karlheinz |year=1971 |authorlink=Karlheinz Stockhausen |title=Texte zur Musik |volume=3 |others=edited by Dieter Schnebel. DuMont Dokumente. |location=Cologne |publisher=DuMont Buchverlag |isbn=3-7701-0493-5}}
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* {{citation |last=Toop |first=David |year=2016 |authorlink=David Toop |title=Into the Maelstrom: Music, Improvisation and the Dream of Freedom |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=9781501314513}}
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* {{citation |last=Verboven|first=Jos |year=2014 |title=The Music Sequencer: What Is It and What Can It Do?|url=http://brainvoyagermusic.com/sequencer/|website=Electronic Music of Brainvoyager|publisher=[[Brainvoyager]]|accessdate=17 April 2016}}
* {{citation |last=Vercoe |first=Barry |year=2000 |authorlink=Barry Vercoe |chapter=Forward |title=The Csound Book: Perspectives in Software Synthesis, Sound Design, Signal Processing, and Programming |others=edited by [[Richard Boulanger]] |pages=xxvii–xxx |location=Cambridge, Mass. |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=0-262-52261-6 |chapterurl=http://www.csounds.com/vercoe/index.html#HISTORY }}.
* {{citation |last=Vine |first=Richard |title=Tadao Kikumoto Invents the Roland TB-303 |newspaper=The Guardian |issue=14 June |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/15/tadao-kikumoto-roland |accessdate=23 December 2011 |location=London |date=15 June 2011}}
* {{citation |last=Watson |first=Scott |year=2005 |title=A Return to Modernism |journal=Music Education Technology Magazine |issue=February |url=http://metmagazine.com/mag/return_modernism |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110172626/http://metmagazine.com/mag/return_modernism/ |archivedate=2008-01-10 |df= }}.
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* {{citation|last=Yabsley|first=Alex|year=2007|title=Back to the 8 Bit: A Study of Electronic Music Counter-Culture|publisher=Gamemusic4all.com |issue=February 3|url=http://www.gamemusic4all.com/backto8bit%204.html|accessdate=5 June 2011}}
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{{div col end}}
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
{{div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{cite book|first=Christoph von|last=Blumröder|title=Die elektroakustische Musik: Eine kompositorische Revolution und ihre Folgen|language=de|series=Signale aus Köln. Beiträge zur Musik der Zeit 22|volume=22|publisher=Verlag Der Apfel|location=Vienna|year=2017|isbn=978-3-85450-422-1}}
* {{citation |last1=Bogdanov |first1=Vladimir |editor=Chris Woodstra |editor2=Stephen Thomas Erlewine |editor3=John Bush <!-- (editors) --> |year=2001 |title=The All Music Guide to Electronica: The Definitive Guide to Electronic Music |series=AMG Allmusic Series |location=San Francisco |publisher=Backbeat Books |isbn=0-87930-628-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/allmusicguidetoe00vlad }}
* [http://www.eurock.com/Podcasts/EurockLive.html Best of Electronic Music Podcasts]/[https://web.archive.org/web/20170629114854/http://www.podcast-directory.co.uk/podcastarchive/eurock-live-best-of-electronic-music-242184.html Eurock Live]
* [http://www.eurock.com/Display.aspx?Content=ChekalinMusic.aspx A. Patterson Light & Sound by Mikhail Chekalin], [https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/eurock-live!-best-electronic/id259843945 itunes.apple.com Best of Electronic Music]
* {{citation |author= Cummins, James |year=2008 |title=Ambrosia: About a Culture—An Investigation of Electronica Music and Party Culture |location=Toronto, ON |publisher=Clark-Nova Books |isbn=978-0-9784892-1-2}}
* Dorschel, Andreas, Gerhard Eckel, and Deniz Peters (eds.) (2012). ''Bodily Expression in Electronic Music: Perspectives on Reclaiming Performativity''. Routledge Research in Music 2. London and New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-89080-9}}.
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* {{citation |last=Kahn |first=Douglas |year=1999 |authorlink=Douglas Kahn |title=Noise, Water, Meat: A History of Sound in the Arts |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=MIT Press |id=New edition 2001, |isbn=0-262-11243-4}}
* {{citation |last=Kettlewell |first=Ben |year=2001 |title=Electronic Music Pioneers |location=[N.p.] |publisher=Course Technology, Inc. |isbn=1-931140-17-0}}
* {{citation |editor1-last=Licata |editor1-first=Thomas <!-- (ed.) --> |year=2002 |title=Electroacoustic Music: Analytical Perspectives |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-31420-9}}
* {{citation |last=Macan |first=Edward L |year=1997 |title=Rocking the Classics: English Progressive Rock and the Counterculture |location=Oxford and New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-509887-0}}.
* {{citation |last=Manning |first=Peter |year=2004 |title=Electronic and Computer Music |edition=Revised and expanded |location=Oxford and New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |id=(cloth) (pbk) |isbn=0-19-514484-8}}
* {{citation |last=Prendergast |first=Mark |year=2001 |title=The Ambient Century: From Mahler to Trance: The Evolution of Sound in the Electronic Age |location=New York |others=Forward {{sic}} by Brian Eno. |publisher=Bloomsbury |id=(hardcover eds.) {{ISBN|1-58234-323-3}} (paper) |isbn=9780747542131}}.
* {{citation |last=Reynolds|first=Simon|authorlink=Simon Reynolds|year=1998|title=[[Energy Flash]]: A Journey Through Rave Music and Dance Culture|location=London|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=0-330-35056-0}} (US title: {{citation |title=Generation Ecstasy: Into the World of Techno and Rave Culture |location=Boston|publisher=Little, Brown|year=1998|isbn= 0-316-74111-6}}; New York: Routledge, 1999 {{ISBN|0-415-92373-5}})
* {{citation |last=Schaefer |first=John |year=1987 |title=[[New Sounds: A Listener's Guide to New Music]] |location=New York |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=0-06-097081-2}}
* {{citation |last=Shanken |first=Edward A. |year=2009 |authorlink=Edward A. Shanken |title=Art and Electronic Media |location=London |publisher=Phaidon |isbn=978-0-7148-4782-5}}
* {{citation |editor1-last=Shapiro |editor1-first=Peter <!-- (editor) --> |year=2000 |title=Modulations: a History of Electronic Music: Throbbing Words on Sound |location=New York |publisher=Caipirinha Productions |isbn=1-891024-06-X |url=https://archive.org/details/modulationshisto00shap }}
* {{citation |last=Sicko |first=Dan |year=1999 |title=Techno Rebels: The Renegades of Electronic Funk |location=New York |publisher=Billboard Books |isbn=0-8230-8428-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/technorebelsrene00sick }}
* Strange, Allen (1983), ''Electronic Music: Systems, Technics, and Controls'', second ed. Dubuque, Iowa: W.C. Brown Co. {{ISBN|978-0-697-03602-5}}.
<!-- * United Kingdom. Parliament. [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1994/Ukpga_19940033_en_6.htm#mdiv63 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, c. 33] context not yet stated, relates to rave culture-->
* {{citation |last=Wells |first=Thomas |year=1981 |authorlink=Thomas Wells (composer) |title=The Technique of Electronic Music |publisher=New York: Schirmer Books; London: Collier Macmillan |isbn=978-0-02-872830-8}}
{{div col end}}
== Pranala luar ==
{{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|about=yes|wikititle=electronic music}}
{{Wikiquote|Electronic music}}
*{{Commons category inline|Electronic music}}
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*[http://www.music.psu.edu/Faculty%20Pages/Ballora/INART55/timeline.html History of Electroacoustic Music – Timeline]
*[http://www.doornbusch.net/chronology A chronology of computer and electronic music]
*[http://www.120years.net '120 Years of Electronic Music' ] History of electronic musical instruments 1880 to present day
*[https://web.archive.org/web/19961104001141/http://www.emf.org/ Electronic Music Foundation]
*[http://techno.org/electronic-music-guide/ Ishkur's Guide to Electronic Music] Provides good examples of many of the genres in electronic music
{{Authority control}}
[[Kategori:Musik elektronik| ]]
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