Romawi Kuno: Perbedaan antara revisi

The Romans constructed numerous [[aqueduct (watercourse)|aqueducts]] to supply water to cities and industrial sites and to aid in [[Roman agriculture|their agriculture]]. By the third century, the city of Rome was supplied by [[List of aqueducts in the city of Rome|11 aqueducts]] with a combined length of {{convert|450|km|0|abbr=on}}. Most aqueducts were constructed below the surface, with only small portions above ground supported by arches.<ref name="HDCLA Aqueduct">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Peck |editor-first=Harry Thurston |editor-link=Harry Thurston Peck |title=Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities |date=1963 |entry=Aquae Ductus |pages=104–106 |location=New York |publisher=Cooper Square Publishers |title-link=Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities }}</ref><ref name=EB11Aqueduct>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Chisholm |editor-first=Hugh |author-last1=Murray |author-first1=Alexander Stuart |authorlink1=Alexander Stuart Murray |author-last2=Mitchell |author-first2=John Malcolm |authorlink2= |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |entry=Aqueduct |url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabri02chisrich#page/240/mode/2up/search/aqueduct |date=1911 |edition=11th |volume=2 |pages=240–244 |access-date=31 October 2017|publisher=New York : Encyclopaedia Britannica }}</ref> Sometimes, where valleys deeper than {{convert|500|m|0|abbr=on}} had to be crossed, [[inverted siphon]]s were used to convey water across a valley.{{ref|waterhistory}}-->

 

 

Beberapa sejarawan memperkirakan bahwa pipa-pipa timbal yang digunakan dalam jaringan selokan maupun saluran air bersih mengakibatkan [[keracunan timbal]], biang keladi penurunan [[angka kelahiran]] dan kondisi kesehatan masyarakat pada umumnya, yang berbuntut pada [[Keruntuhan Kekaisaran Romawi Barat|tumbangnya Roma]]. Kendati demikian, kandungan timbal dalam air mungkin sekali sangat sedikit karena aliran air dari akuaduk-akuaduk tidak dibendung. Air mengucur tanpa henti lewat pancuran-pancuran di tempat umum maupun rumah-rumah pribadi kemudian mengalir ke selokan. Hanya segelintir orang yang menggunakan keran air kala itu.<ref>''Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply'' oleh A.T. Hodge (1992)</ref> Penulis-penulis lain juga telah mengutarakan keberatan mereka atas teori ini, seraya menunjukkan bahwa pipa-pipa air Romawi dilapisi endapan tebal yang tentunya mencegah timbal mencemari air.<ref name=Grout2011>{{cite web|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/wine/leadpoisoning.html |title=Lead Poisoning and Rome |first=James |last=Grout |publisher=University of Chicago |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60N6AQZTk?url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/wine/leadpoisoning.html |archivedate=22 July 2011 |accessdate=22 Juli 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>