Internet: Perbedaan antara revisi

== Sejarah ==

Pengembangan [[transistor]] merupakan hal mendasar bagi Internet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jakubowski |first1=A. |last2=Łukasiak |first2=L. |title=History of Semiconductors |journal=Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology |date=2010 |volume=nr 1 |pages=3–9 |url=http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BATA-0008-0020}}</ref><ref name="Lambert">{{cite book |last1=Lambert |first1=Laura |last2=Poole |first2=Hilary W. |last3=Woodford |first3=Chris |last4=Moschovitis |first4=Christos J. P. |title=The Internet: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=2005 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=9781851096596 |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qi-ItIG6QLwC&pg=RA2-PA16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gaudin |first1=Sharon |title=The transistor: The most important invention of the 20th century? |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2538123/the-transistor--the-most-important-invention-of-the-20th-century-.html?page=2 |accessdate=10 August 2019 |work=[[Computerworld]] |date=12 December 2007}}</ref> Transistor pertama ditemukan oleh [[William Shockley]], [[Walter Houser Brattain]] dan [[John Bardeen]] di [[Bell Labs]] pada tahun 1947.<ref name="Lambert"/> [[MOSFET]] (''metal-oxide-silicon field-effect transistor''), juga dikenal sebagai transistor MOS, kemudian ditemukan oleh [[Mohamed Atalla]] dan [[Dawon Kahng]] di Bell Labs pada tahun 1959.<ref name="computerhistory">{{cite journal|url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/|title=1960 - Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated|journal=The Silicon Engine|publisher=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="Lojek">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |pages=321–3}}</ref><ref name="computerhistory-transistor">{{cite web |title=Who Invented the Transistor? |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/ |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |date=4 December 2013 |accessdate=20 July 2019}}</ref> MOSFET adalah blok penyusun atau "pekerja keras" dari [[revolusi informasi]] dan era [[informasi]],<ref name="triumph">{{cite web |title=Triumph of the MOS Transistor |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6fBEjf9WPw |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |accessdate=21 July 2019 |date=6 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="Raymer">{{cite book |last1=Raymer |first1=Michael G. |title=The Silicon Web: Physics for the Internet Age |date=2009 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781439803127 |page=365 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PLYChGDqa6EC&pg=PA365}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Transistors - an overview |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/transistors |website=[[ScienceDirect]] |accessdate=8 August 2019}}</ref> dan perangkat yang paling banyak diproduksi dalam sejarah.<ref name="computerhistory2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |accessdate=28 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Baker">{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=R. Jacob |title=CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation |date=2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1118038239 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxYhNrOKuJQC&pg=PA7}}</ref> [[Sirkuit terpadu]] [[MOS]] dan [[daya MOSFET]] menggerakkan [[komputer]] dan [[infrastruktur komunikasi]] yang mendayakan Internet.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fossum |first1=Jerry G. |last2=Trivedi |first2=Vishal P. |title=Fundamentals of Ultra-Thin-Body MOSFETs and FinFETs |date=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781107434493 |page=vii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZJfAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Omura |first1=Yasuhisa |last2=Mallik |first2=Abhijit |last3=Matsuo |first3=Naoto |title=MOS Devices for Low-Voltage and Low-Energy Applications |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=9781119107354 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yOjFDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53}}</ref><ref name="Whiteley">{{cite book |last1=Whiteley |first1=Carol |last2=McLaughlin |first2=John Robert |title=Technology, Entrepreneurs, and Silicon Valley |date=2002 |publisher=Institute for the History of Technology |isbn=9780964921719 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9koAQAAIAAJ |quote=These active electronic components, or power semiconductor products, from Siliconix are used to switch and convert power in a wide range of systems, from portable information appliances to the communications infrastructure that enable the Internet. The company's power MOSFETs — tiny solid-state switches, or metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors — and power integrated circuits are widely used in cell phones and notebook computers to manage battery power efficiently}}</ref> Bersamaan dengan komputer, elemen-elemen penting lainnya dari Internet dibangun dari MOSFET termasuk [[perangkat mobile]], [[tranceiver]], modul [[stasiun basis]], [[router]], [[amplifier daya RF]],<ref name="Asif">{{cite book |last1=Asif |first1=Saad |title=5G Mobile Communications: Concepts and Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9780429881343 |pages=128-134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yg1mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT128}}</ref> [[mikroprosesor]], [[chip memori]], dan [[telekomunikasi sirkuit]].<ref name="Colinge">{{cite book |last1=Colinge |first1=Jean-Pierre |last2=Greer |first2=James C. |title=Nanowire Transistors: Physics of Devices and Materials in One Dimension |date=2016 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781107052406 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvjUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2}}</ref>

 

Internet merupakan jaringan komputer yang dibentuk oleh Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1969, melalui proyek ARPA yang disebut ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network), di mana mereka mendemonstrasikan bagaimana dengan hardware dan software komputer yang berbasis UNIX, kita bisa melakukan komunikasi dalam jarak yang tidak terhingga melalui saluran telepon.