Umat Kristen Arab: Perbedaan antara revisi

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Baris 59:
 
=== Peranan dalam An Nahdah ===
Renaisans kebudayaan Arab atau ''[[An-Nahdah|An Nahdah]]'' adalah sebuah gerakan kebangkitan budaya yang bermula pada penghujung abad ke-19 dan permulaan abad ke-20, sesudah [[Muhammad Ali dari Mesir|Muhammad Ali Pasya]] angkat kaki dari [[Syam]] pada tahun 1840.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Peter|last=Gran|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/568/cu1.htm|title=Tahtawi in Paris|journal=Al-Ahram Weekly Online|issue=568|date=Januari 2002|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030624173715/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/568/cu1.htm|archivedate=24 Juni 2003}}</ref> [[Beirut]], [[Kairo]], [[Damaskus]], dan [[Aleppo]] merupakan pusat-pusat gerakan An Nahdah yang bermuara pada pendirian sekolah-sekolah, universitas-universitas, teater, dan media cetak Arab. An Nahdah juga menghasilkan pembaharuan ciri khas kesastraan, kebahasaan, dan puitis. Gerakan politik aktif, yang dikenal dengan nama "asosiasi", muncul bersamaan dengan gagasan kebangsaan Arab dan tuntutan terhadap [[Kesultanan Utsmaniah|Imperium Osmanli]] untuk melakukan reformasi. Kemunculan gagasan kemerdekaan bangsa Arab dan reformasi bermuara pada seruan untuk mendirikan negara-negara modern meniru gaya Eropa.<!-- Pada tahap ini, It was during this stage, that the first compound of the Arabic language was introduced along with the printing of it in Arabic letters. In music, sculpture and history anddan thekemanusiaan humanitiespada generallyumumnya, asdemikian pula di bidang ekonomi, hak-hak asasi manusia, dam well as in economics, human rights, and a summary of the case that thegerakan culturalrenaisans renaissancebudaya byyang thedilakukan Arabsbangsa duringArab thedi latebawah Ottomandaulat ruleOsmanli wasmerupakan asuatu quantumloncatan leapkuantum forbagi themmereka tomenuju post-industrialrevolusi revolutionpascaindustri,<ref name="Teague2010"/> and can not be limited to the fields of cultural renaissance of Arabs in the nineteenth century these categories only as it is extended to include the spectrum of society and the fields as a whole,<ref name="Pacini1998"/> and is almost universal agreement among historians on the role played by the Arab Christians in this renaissance, both in [[MountGunung Lebanon]], [[LowerMesir EgyptHilir|EgyptMesir]], [[PalestinePalestina (regionkawasan)|PalestinePalestina]], SyriaSuriah, anddan theirperanan rolemereka indalam thekemakmuran prosperitymelalui throughkeikutsertaan participationbukan notsaja onlydi fromdalam homenegeri butmelainkan injuga thedi Diaspora also.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boueiz Kanaan|first=Claude|title=Lebanon 1860-1960: A Century of Myth and Politics|publisher=la University of Michigan|page=127}}</ref>
[[File:May ziade.jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[May Ziade]], a key figure of the Nahda in Arab literary scene, and is known for being an "early feminist" and a "pioneer of Oriental feminism."]]
Because Arab Christians formed the educated and bourgeois classes,<ref name="Radai2008"/> they have had a significant impact in politics, business and culture of the Arab World. Some of the most influential Arab nationalists were Arab Christians, and is noteworthy for example, in the press sound Anjoa founder of the «mirror the Middle» in 1879 and the Secretary of Saal founder of the Journal of Law and George Michael Knight founder of the «Egyptian newspaper» in 1888 and Alexander Shalhoub founder of the Journal of the Sultanate in 1897 and [[Saleem Takla]] and his brother Bishara Takla founding the [[Al-Ahram]] newspaper,<ref>{{cite book|last=Merrill, A. Fisher|first=John Calhoun, Harold|title=The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers|publisher=la University of Michigan|page=52}}</ref> and in the jurisprudence of the Arabic language The Abraham Yazigi Yazigi and Nassif and Peter Gardener. At the same time entered into by the Archbishop of Aleppo Mlatios grace of the first printing press letters to Arab Levant and continued in print until 1899. On the other hand, contributed to Arab Christians in fighting the policy of Turkification pursued by the Assembly of the Union and Progress and has emerged in Aleppo, in particular, Bishop Germanos Farhat and Father Boutros Tallawy, and the school was founded the Patriarchate in the prolific that came out a multitude of flags of the Arab at that point,<ref>محطات مارونية من تاريخ لبنان، مرجع سابق، ص.183</ref>{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}} Christian college as [[Saint Joseph University]] and the American University of Beirut and Al-Hikma University in Baghdad and other played leading role in the development of civilization and Arab culture.<ref name="Lattouf p. 70">Lattouf, 2004, p. 70</ref> In Iraq, an active father Anastas Marie Carmelite, and in the literature mentioned [[Kahlil Gibran|Gibran Khalil Gibran]] and [[Mikha'il Na'ima|Mikhail Naima]], [[Ameen Rihani]], Shafiq Maalouf and Elias Farhat. In politics, Alazuri Shokri Ghanem and Jacob Abov, Faris Nimr and [[Boutros Ghali|Boutros-Ghali]], in Lebanon and Egypt. Given this growing Christian role in politics and culture, governments began to turn contains the Ottoman ministers from the Arab Christians and all of them epic in Lebanon. In the economic sphere, a number of Christian families, including Al Sursock and all stockist and all Websters in the Levant and all Sakakini, and all-Ghali, and all fixed in Egypt,{{Citation needed|date=July 2016}} Thus, the Arab Middle East led the Muslims and Christians a cultural renaissance and national general despotism which formed Rkizath Society of Union and Progress and Policy Turkification, and established this renaissance as seen Paul Naaman "Arab Christians as one of the pillars of the region and not as a minority on the fringes.<ref>محطات مارونية من تاريخ لبنان، مرجع سابق، ص.185</ref>{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}}-->