Hewan: Perbedaan antara revisi

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{{Further|Daftar hewan}}
 
Hewan bersifat [[monofiletik]], artinya mereka berasal dari leluhur yang sama dan membentuk [[klad]] tunggal di dalam [[Apoikozoa]]. [[Choanoflagellatea]] adalah klad saudaranya.<ref name="Budd2015">{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/brv.12239 |pmid=26588818 |title=The origin of the animals and a 'Savannah' hypothesis for early bilaterian evolution |journal=Biological Reviews |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=446–473 |year=2017 |last1=Budd |first1=Graham E |last2=Jensen |first2=Sören}}</ref> Hewan-hewan yang paling [[Basal (filogenetika)|basal]], [[Porifera]], [[Ctenophora]], Cnidaria, dan Placozoa, memiliki bangun tubuh yang tidak memiliki [[Simetri di biologi|simetri bilateral]], tetapi hubungan mereka masih diperdebatkan. Pada 2017, Porifera dianggap sebagai hewan paling basal.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Feuda |first=Roberto |last2=Dohrmann |first2=Martin |last3=Pett |first3=Walker |last4=Philippe |first4=Hervé |last5=Rota-Stabelli |first5=Omar |last6=Lartillot |first6=Nicolas |last7=Wörheide |first7=Gert |last8=Pisani |first8=Davide |title=Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982217314537 |journal=Current Biology |volume=27 |issue=24 |pages=3864 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008 |pmid=29199080 |year=2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Pisani |first=Davide |last2=Pett |first2=Walker |last3=Dohrmann |first3=Martin |last4=Feuda |first4=Roberto |last5=Rota-Stabelli |first5=Omar |last6=Philippe |first6=Hervé |last7=Lartillot |first7=Nicolas |last8=Wörheide |first8=Gert |date=15 December 2015 |title=Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/112/50/15402 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=50 |pages=15402–15407 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11215402P |doi=10.1073/pnas.1518127112 |pmc=4687580 |pmid=26621703}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Simion |first=Paul |last2=Philippe |first2=Hervé |last3=Baurain |first3=Denis |last4=Jager |first4=Muriel |last5=Richter |first5=Daniel J. |last6=Franco |first6=Arnaud Di |last7=Roure |first7=Béatrice |last8=Satoh |first8=Nori |last9=Quéinnec |first9=Éric |date=3 April 2017 |title=A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031 |journal=Current Biology |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=958–967 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031 |pmid=28318975}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Giribet |first=Gonzalo |date=1 October 2016 |title=Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/zsc.12215/abstract |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=45 |pages=14–21 |doi=10.1111/zsc.12215}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Laumer |first=Christopher E. |last2=Gruber-Vodicka |first2=Harald |last3=Hadfield |first3=Michael G. |last4=Pearse |first4=Vicki B. |last5=Riesgo |first5=Ana |last6=Marioni |first6=John C. |last7=Giribet |first7=Gonzalo |title=Placozoans are eumetazoans related to Cnidaria |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/10/11/200972 |journal=BioRxiv |pages=200972 |doi=10.1101/200972 |year=2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Eitel |first=Michael |last2=Francis |first2=Warren |last3=Osigus |first3=Hans-Jürgen |last4=Krebs |first4=Stefan |last5=Vargas |first5=Sergio |last6=Blum |first6=Helmut |last7=Williams |first7=Gray Argust |last8=Schierwater |first8=Bernd |last9=Wörheide |first9=Gert |date=2017-10-13 |title=A taxogenomics approach uncovers a new genus in the phylum Placozoa |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/10/13/202119 |journal=BioRxiv |pages=202119 |doi=10.1101/202119}}</ref> Ctenophora bisa menjadi alternatif untuk Porifera,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dunn |first=Casey W. |last2=Hejnol |first2=Andreas |last3=Matus |first3=David Q. |last4=Pang |first4=Kevin |last5=Browne |first5=William E. |last6=Smith |first6=Stephen A. |last7=Seaver |first7=Elaine |last8=Rouse |first8=Greg W. |last9=Obst |first9=Matthias |title=Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life |url=http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature06614 |journal=Nature |volume=452 |issue=7188 |pages=745–749 |doi=10.1038/nature06614 |bibcode=2008Natur.452..745D |year=2008 |pmid=18322464}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Whelan |first=Nathan V. |last2=Kocot |first2=Kevin M. |last3=Moroz |first3=Tatiana P. |last4=Mukherjee |first4=Krishanu |last5=Williams |first5=Peter |last6=Paulay |first6=Gustav |last7=Moroz |first7=Leonid L. |last8=Halanych |first8=Kenneth M. |title=Ctenophore relationships and their placement as the sister group to all other animals |url=http://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0331-3 |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=1 |issue=11 |pages=1737 |doi=10.1038/s41559-017-0331-3 |year=2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Shen |first=Xing-Xing |last2=Hittinger |first2=Chris Todd |last3=Rokas |first3=Antonis |date=2017-04-10 |title=Contentious relationships in phylogenomic studies can be driven by a handful of genes |url=http://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0126 |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=0126 |doi=10.1038/s41559-017-0126}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ryan |first=Joseph F. |last2=Pang |first2=Kevin |last3=Schnitzler |first3=Christine E. |last4=Nguyen |first4=Anh-Dao |last5=Moreland |first5=R. Travis |last6=Simmons |first6=David K. |last7=Koch |first7=Bernard J. |last8=Francis |first8=Warren R. |last9=Havlak |first9=Paul |date=13 December 2013 |title=The Genome of the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and Its Implications for Cell Type Evolution |url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/342/6164/1242592 |journal=Science |volume=342 |issue=6164 |pages=1242592 |doi=10.1126/science.1242592 |pmc=3920664 |pmid=24337300}}</ref> yang seperti Porifera tidak memiliki [[gen hox|gen-gen hox]], penting dalam [[Biologi perkembangan evolusioner#Peralatan gen|perkembangan bangun tubuh]]. Gen-gen ini ditemukan di Placozoa<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://emb.carnegiescience.edu/sites/emb.carnegiescience.edu/files/evodevo12.pdf |title=Evolution and Development |date=1 May 2012 |website=Carnegie Institution for Science Department of Embryology |page=38 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302084415/http://emb.carnegiescience.edu/sites/emb.carnegiescience.edu/files/evodevo12.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2014 |dead-url=yes |access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=Dellaporta2004>{{cite journal | last=Dellaporta | first=Stephen | last2=Holland | first2=Peter | last3=Schierwater | first3=Bernd | last4=Jakob | first4=Wolfgang | last5=Sagasser | first5=Sven | last6=Kuhn | first6=Kerstin | title=The Trox-2 Hox/ParaHox gene of Trichoplax (Placozoa) marks an epithelial boundary | journal=Development Genes and Evolution | volume=214 | issue=4 | date=April 2004 | doi=10.1007/s00427-004-0390-8 | pages=170–175}}</ref> dan hewan yang lebih tinggi, Bilateria.<ref name="Peterson2001">{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1525-142x.2001.003003170.x |pmid=11440251 |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1525-142x.2001.003003170.x/full |accessdate=25 February 2018 |title=Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: Inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequences |journal=Evolution and Development |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=170 |year=2001 |last1=Peterson |first1=Kevin J. |last2=Eernisse |first2=Douglas J}}</ref><ref name="KraemerEis2016">{{cite journal |doi=10.1101/041806 |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/03/19/041806.full.pdf |accessdate=25 February 2018 |title=A catalogue of Bilaterian-specific genes - their function and expression profiles in early development |year=2016 |last1=Kraemer-Eis |first1=Andrea |last2=Ferretti |first2=Luca |last3=Schiffer |first3=Philipp |last4=Heger |first4=Peter |last5=Wiehe |first5=Thomas}}</ref> 6,331 kelompok [[gen]] yang dimiliki semua hewan hidup telah diidentifikasi; gen-gen ini mungkin muncul dari satu nenek moyang yang sama yang hidup [[Kriogenium|650 juta tahun yang lalu]] pada masa [[Prakambrium]]. 25 di antaranya adalah kelompok gen inti baru, yang hanya ditemukan pada hewan; dari kelompok-kelompok gen tersebut, 8 adalah untuk komponen penting dari jalur pensinyalan [[jalur pensinyalan Wnt|Wnt]] dan [[TGF-beta]] yang mungkin telah memungkinkan hewan menjadi multiseluler dengan menyediakan pola untuk sistem sumbu tubuh (dalam tiga dimensi), dan 7 lainnya untuk [[faktor transkripsi]], termasuk protein [[homeodomain]] yang terlibat dalam [[Peralatan gen evo-devo|kontrol perkembangan]].<ref name="NYT-20180504">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Zimmer |title=The Very First Animal Appeared Amid an Explosion of DNA |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/04/science/first-animal-genes-evolution.html |date=4 May 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=4 May 2018 }}</ref><ref name="NC-20150430">{{cite journal |last1=Paps |first1=Jordi |last2=Holland |first2=Peter W. H. |title=Reconstruction of the ancestral metazoan genome reveals an increase in genomic novelty |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-04136-5 |date=30 April 2018 |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=9 |number=1730 (2018) |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-04136-5 |accessdate=4 May 2018 }}</ref>
 
[[Pohon filogenetik]] (hanya garis keturunan utama) menunjukkan kira-kira berapa juta tahun yang lalu (jtl) garis keturunan terpecah.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Peterson |first=Kevin J. |last2=Cotton |first2=James A. |last3=Gehling |first3=James G. |last4=Pisani |first4=Davide |date=27 April 2008 |title=The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records |url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1496/1435 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences |volume=363 |issue=1496 |pages=1435–1443 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 |pmid=18192191 |pmc=2614224}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Parfrey |first=Laura Wegener |last2=Lahr |first2=Daniel J. G. |last3=Knoll |first3=Andrew H. |last4=Katz |first4=Laura A. |date=16 August 2011 |title=Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/108/33/13624 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=108 |issue=33 |pages=13624–13629 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1110633108 |pmid=21810989 |bibcode=2011PNAS..10813624P |pmc=3158185}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Raising the Standard in Fossil Calibration|url=http://fossilcalibrations.org/|website=Fossil Calibration Database|accessdate=3 March 2018}}</ref>