Amarna: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 155:
To make the move from Thebes to Amarna, Akhenaten needed the support of the military. Ay, one of Akhenaten's principal advisors, exercised great influence in this area because his father [[Yuya]] had been an important military leader. Additionally, everyone in the military had grown up together, they had been a part of the richest and most successful period in Egypt's history under Akhenaten's father, so loyalty among the ranks was strong and unwavering. Perhaps most importantly, "it was a military whose massed ranks the king took every opportunity to celebrate in temple reliefs, first at Thebes and later at Amarna."<ref>Akhenaten, Egypt's False Prophet, Reeves, Nicholas, Thames & Hudson Ltd, London, copyright 2001</ref>
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=== Kehidupan keagamaan ===
[[File:Limestone fragment column showing reeds and an early Aten cartouche. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|thumb|left|
[[File:Siliceous limestone fragment of a statue. There are late Aten cartouches on the draped right shoulder. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|thumb|
Reformasi keagamaan Akhenaten umumnya diyakini ke arah semacam [[monoteisme]], yang lebih disederhanakan kepada keadaan [[monolatrisme]]. Bukti arkeologi menunnjukkan bahwa sejumlah dewa-dewa lain juga dihormati, bahkan di pusat kultus Aten – jika tidak secara resmi, paling sedikit oleh orang-orang yang hidup dan bekerja di sana.
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▲[[File:Limestone fragment column showing reeds and an early Aten cartouche. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|thumb|left|Limestone fragment column showing reeds and an early Aten cartouche. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London]]
▲[[File:Siliceous limestone fragment of a statue. There are late Aten cartouches on the draped right shoulder. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|thumb|Siliceous limestone fragment of a statue. There are late Aten cartouches on the draped right shoulder. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London]]
<blockquote>
..at Akhetaten itself, recent excavation by [[Barry Kemp (Egyptologist)|Kemp]] (2008: 41-46) has shown the presence of objects that depict gods, goddesses and symbols that belong to the traditional field of personal belief. So many examples of [[Bes]], the grotesque dwarf figure who warded off evil spirits, have been found, as well as of the goddess-monster, [[Taweret]], part crocodile, part hippopotamus, who was associated with childbirth. Also in the royal workmen’s village at Akhetaten, stelae dedicated to [[Isis]] and [[Shed (deity)|Shed]] have been discovered (Watterson 1984: 158 and 208).<ref>Philip Turner, [https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:180305 ''Seth - a misrepresented god in the Ancient Egyptian pantheon?''] PhD Thesis, [[University of Manchester]]; 2012</ref>
Baris 174:
While the worship of [[Aten]] was later referred to as the [[Amarna heresy]] and suppressed, this art had a more lasting legacy.
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== Penemuan dan penggalian ==
[[File:Alabaster sunken relief depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and daughter Meritaten. Early Aten cartouches on king's arm and chest. From Amarna, Egypt. 18th Dynasty. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|thumb|
[[Image:Amarna Akkadian letter.png|thumb|150px|
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The first western mention of the city was made in 1714 by [[Claude Sicard]], a [[France|French]] [[Jesuit]] [[priest]] who was travelling through the Nile Valley, and described the boundary stela from Amarna. As with much of Egypt, it was visited by [[Napoleon]]'s ''corps de savants'' in 1798–1799, who prepared the first detailed map of Amarna, which was subsequently published in ''[[Description de l'Égypte]]'' between 1821 and 1830.<ref name="amarnamapping">{{cite web|url=http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/recent_projects/survey/index.shtml|title=Mapping Amarna|accessdate=2008-10-01| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081008012317/http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/recent_projects/survey/index.shtml| archivedate= 8 October 2008
After this European exploration continued in 1824 when Sir [[John Gardiner Wilkinson]] explored and mapped the city remains. The copyist [[Robert Hay (Egyptologist)|Robert Hay]] and his surveyor G. Laver visited the locality and uncovered several of the Southern Tombs from sand drifts, recording the reliefs in 1833. The copies made by Hay and Laver languish largely unpublished in the [[British Library]], where an ongoing project to identify their locations is underway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astene.org.uk/associated_events_societies/hay.htm|title=The Robert Hay Drawings in the British Library|accessdate=2008-10-01|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627025558/http://www.astene.org.uk/associated_events_societies/hay.htm|archivedate=2006-06-27|df=}}</ref>
Baris 187:
In 1887 a local woman digging for ''[[sebakh]]'' uncovered a cache of over 300 [[cuneiform|cuneiform tablet]]s (now commonly known as the [[Amarna Letters]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.tripod.com/~ib205/budge.html|title=Wallis Budge describes the discovery of the Amarna tablets|accessdate=2008-10-01}}</ref> These tablets recorded select [[diplomacy|diplomatic]] correspondence of the Pharaoh and were predominantly written in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]], the ''[[lingua franca]]'' commonly used during the [[Late Bronze Age]] of the [[Ancient Near East]] for such communication. This discovery led to the recognition of the importance of the site, and lead to a further increase in exploration.<ref name="grundon9091">Grundon (2007), pp. 90–91</ref>
Between 1891 and 1892 [[Alessandro Barsanti]] 'discovered' and cleared the king's tomb (although it was probably known to the local population from about 1880).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/amarna_the_place/royal_tombs/index.shtml|title=Royal Tomb|publisher=The Amarna Project|accessdate=2008-10-01| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080927231423/http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/amarna_the_place/royal_tombs/index.shtml| archivedate= 27 September 2008
The copyist and artist [[N. de Garis Davies|Norman de Garis Davies]] published drawn and photographic descriptions of private tombs and boundary stelae from Amarna from 1903 to 1908. These books were republished by the EES in 2006.
Baris 197:
During the 1960s the Egyptian Antiquities Organization (now the [[Egypt]]ian [[Supreme Council of Antiquities]]) undertook a number of excavations at Amarna.
Exploration of the city continues to the present, currently under the direction of [[Barry Kemp (Egyptologist)|Barry Kemp]] (Emeritus Professor in Egyptology, University of Cambridge, England) (until 2006, under the auspices of the [[Egypt Exploration Society]] and now with the [http://www.amarnaproject.com/ Amarna Project]).<ref name="kemp" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ees.ac.uk/fieldwork/amarna.htm |title=Fieldwork- Tell El-Armana |accessdate=2008-10-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424101113/http://www.ees.ac.uk/fieldwork/amarna.htm |archivedate=2008-04-24 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> In 1980 a separate expedition led by Geoffrey Martin described and copied the reliefs from the Royal Tomb, later publishing its findings together with objects thought to have come from the tomb. This work was published in 2 volumes by the EES.-->
== Lihat pula ==
* [[Surat Amarna]]
▲From 2005 to 2013, the Amarna Project excavated at a [[Southern Tombs Cemetery|cemetery]] of private individuals, close to the southern tombs of the Nobles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7209472.stm|publisher=news.bbc.co.uk|title=Grim secrets of Pharaoh's city|accessdate=2008-10-01|author=John Hayes-Fisher|work=BBC Timewatch | date=2008-01-25}}</ref>-->
== Referensi ==
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