Galenus: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[File:Claudius Galenus (1906) - Veloso Salgado.png|thumb|left|Galen membedah monyet, seperti yang dibayangkan oleh [[Veloso Salgado]] pada tahun 1906]]
Ketertarikan utama Galen adalah dalam bidang anatomi manusia, tetapi hukum Romawi melarang pembedahan mayat manusia sejak sekitar tahun 150 SM.<ref>'Tragically, the prohibition of human dissection by Rome in 150 BC arrested this progress and few of their findings survived', Arthur Aufderheide, 'The Scientific Study of Mummies' (2003), page 5</ref> Karena pembatasan ini, Galen melakukan pembedahan anatomis terhadap makhluk hidup [[viviseksi]]) dan binatang mati, di mana kebanyakan berfokus pada babi dan [[primata]].<ref name="brock"/> Karya ini berguna karena Galen percaya bahwa struktur-struktur anatomis hewan-hewan ini sangat mirip dengan manusia. Galen mengklarifikasi anatomi [[trakea]] dan dia merupakan orang yang pertama kali menunjukkan bahwa [[laring]] dapat menghasilkan suara.<ref>{{cite book |author=Claudii Galeni Pergameni |title=Galen on anatomical procedures: De anatomicis administrationibus |editor=translated by [[Charles Singer|Charles Joseph Singer]] |publisher=Geoffrey Cumberlege, Oxford University Press/Wellcome Historical Medical Museum |location=London |year=1956 |pages=195–207}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Claudii Galeni Pergameni |title=Galen on Anatomical Procedures |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=49 |issue=10 |pages=833 |date=October 1956 |pmc=1889206 |pmid=}}</ref> In one experiment, Galen used bellows to inflate the lungs of a dead animal.<ref>{{cite book |author=Claudii Galeni Pergameni
|title=De usu partium corporis humani, libri VII |editor=Nicolao Regio Calabro (Nicolaus Rheginus) |chapter=De usu partium corporis humani, libri VII, cap. IV |publisher=ex officina Simonis Colinaei |location=[[Paris]] |language=Latin |year=1528 |pages=339
|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k542146.image.f8 |accessdate=7 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=Baker1971>{{cite journal
|author=A. Barrington Baker |title=Artificial respiration, the history of an idea |journal=Medical History |volume=15 |issue=4
|pages=336–351 |date=October 1971 |pmid=4944603 |pmc=1034194 |doi=10.1017/s0025727300016896}}</ref> Karya Galen tentang anatomi tetap tak tertandingi dan tak terlawan hingga abad ke-16 di Eropa. Pada pertengahan abad ke-16, ahli anatomi Andreas Vesalius menantang pengetahuan anatomi Galen dengan melakukan pembedahan pada mayat manusia. Penyelidikan ini memungkinkan Vesalius membantah aspek-aspek anatomi Galen.
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Among Galen's major contributions to medicine was his work on the [[circulatory system]]. He was the first to recognize that there are distinct differences between [[venous blood|venous]] (dark) and [[artery|arterial]] (bright) blood. Although his anatomical experiments on animal models led him to a more complete understanding of the circulatory system, [[nervous system]], [[respiratory system]], and other structures, his work contained scientific errors.<ref name="Galen on the brain"/> Galen believed the circulatory system to consist of two separate one-way systems of distribution, rather than a single unified system of circulation. He believed venous blood to be generated in the liver, from where it was distributed and consumed by all organs of the body. He posited that arterial blood originated in the heart, from where it was distributed and consumed by all organs of the body. The blood was then regenerated in either the liver or the heart, completing the cycle. Galen also believed in the existence of a group of blood vessels he called the [[rete mirabile]] in the carotid sinus.<ref name=MarkGrant/> Both of these theories of the circulation of blood were later (beginning with works of [[Ibn al-Nafis]] published in 1221) shown to be incorrect.<ref name=Furley1984>Furley, D, and J. Wilkie, 1984, ''Galen On Respiration and the Arteries'', Princeton University Press, and Bylebyl, J (ed), 1979, ''William Harvey and His Age'', Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press</ref>
In his work ''De motu musculorum'', Galen explained the difference between [[motor nerve|motor]] and [[sensory nerve]]s, discussed the concept of [[muscle tone]], and explained the difference between [[agonist (muscle)|agonists]] and [[antagonist (muscle)|antagonists]].
Galen was a skilled surgeon, operating on human patients. Many of his procedures and techniques would not be used again for centuries, such as the procedures he performed on brains and eyes.<ref name="Galen on the brain"/> To correct [[cataract]]s in patients, Galen performed an operation similar to a modern one. Using a needle-shaped instrument, Galen attempted to remove the cataract-affected lens of the eye.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 1034789 | pages=85–87 | volume=7 | issue=1 | journal=Med Hist | title=Galen: On Anatomical Procedures: the Later Books | doi=10.1017/s002572730002799x}}</ref> His surgical experiments included ligating the arteries of living animals.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lois N. Magner|title=A History of Medicine|publisher=CRC Press|year=1992|pages=91}}</ref> Although many 20th century historians have claimed that Galen believed the lens to be in the exact center of the eye, Galen actually understood that the crystalline lens is located in the anterior aspect of the human eye.<ref name="Clinical Ophthalmology">{{cite journal |vauthors=Leffler CT, Hadi TM, Udupa A, Schwartz SG, Schwartz D |title=A medieval fallacy: the crystalline lens in the center of the eye |journal=Clinical Ophthalmology |volume=2016 |issue=10 |pages=649–662 |year=2016 |url=https://www.dovepress.com/a-medieval-fallacy-the-crystalline-lens-in-the-center-of-the-eye-peer-reviewed-article-OPTH#}}</ref>
At first reluctantly but then with increasing vigour, Galen promoted Hippocratic teaching, including [[Venipuncture|venesection]] and [[bloodletting]], then unknown in Rome. This was sharply criticised by the [[Erasistratus|Erasistrateans]], who predicted dire outcomes, believing that it was not blood but ''[[Pneuma (Stoic)|pneuma]]'' that flowed in the veins. Galen, however, staunchly defended venesection in his three books on the subject<ref>Brain P (trans.) Galen on Bloodletting: A study of the origins, development, and validity of his opinions, with a translation of the three works. Cambridge 1986</ref> and in his demonstrations and public disputations.-->
== Karya dan pengaruh ==
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