Kesenjangan ekonomi: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Kesenjangan ekonomi''', biasa dikenal dengan istilah '''kesenjangan pendapatan''', '''kesenjangan kekayaan''', dan '''jurang antara kaya dan miskin''', mengacu pada persebaran ukuran ekonomi di antara individu dalam kelompok, kelompok dalam populasi, atau [[kesenjanganantar internasional|antarnegara]]negara. Para ekonom umumnya mengakui tiga ukuran kesenjangan ekonomi: [[kekayaan]], [[pendapatan]], dan [[konsumsi (ekonomi)|konsumsi]].<ref name="hydra"/> Persoalan kesenjangan ekonomi mencakup [[kesetaraan ekonomi]], [[kesetaraan pengeluaran]], dan [[kesetaraan kesempatan]].<ref name=WaPoLifespan>{{cite news|last=Fletcher|first=Michael A.|title=Research ties economic inequality to gap in life expectancy|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/research-ties-economic-inequality-to-gap-in-life-expectancy/2013/03/10/c7a323c4-7094-11e2-8b8d-e0b59a1b8e2a_story.html|accessdate=March 23, 2013|newspaper=Washington Post|date=March 10, 2013}}</ref>

Sejumlah penelitian menyebut bahwa kesenjangan adalah masalah sosial yang semakin berkembang.<ref name="Spirit Level">{{cite book|title=[[The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better]]|last=Wilkinson|first=Richard|authorlink=|author2=Pickett, Kate|year=2009|publisher=Allen Lane|location=|isbn=978-1-84614-039-6|page=352}}</ref> Kesenjangan yang terlalu besar cenderung merugikan<ref name="biu.ac.il">{{cite journal | last1 = Easterly | first1 = W | year = 2007 | title = Inequality does cause underdevelopment: Insights from a new instrument | url = http://www.biu.ac.il/soc/ec/students/teach/509/data/EasterlyJDE2007.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Journal of Development Economics | volume = 84 | issue = 2| pages = 755–776 | doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.11.002}}</ref><ref name="Castells-Quintana">{{cite journal|last=Castells-Quintana|first=David|first2=Vicente | last2 = Royuela|title=Unemployment and long-run economic growth: The role of income inequality and urbanisation|journal=Investigaciones Regionales|year=2012|volume=12|issue=24|pages=153–173|url=http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/33140/1/617293.pdf|accessdate=17 October 2013}}</ref> karena kesenjangan pendapatan dan pemusatan kekayaan mampu menghambat pertumbuhan jangka panjang.<ref name="ilo.org">{{cite journal | last1 = Stiglitz | first1 = J | year = 2009 | title = The global crisis, social protection and jobs | url = http://www.ilo.org/public/english/revue/download/pdf/s1_stiglitz2009_1_2.pdf | format = PDF | journal = International Labour Review | volume = 148 | issue = | pages = 1–2 | doi=10.1111/j.1564-913x.2009.00046.x}}</ref><ref name="The New Growth Evidence">{{cite journal | last1 = Temple | first1 = J | year = 1999 | title = The New Growth Evidence | url = http://www.fadep.org/documentosfadep_archivos/D-65_THE_NEW_GROWTH_EVIDENCE.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Journal of Economic Literature | volume = 37 | issue = 1| pages = 112–156 | doi=10.1257/jel.37.1.112}}</ref><ref name="www-wds.worldbank.org">{{cite journal | last1 = Clarke | first1 = G | year = 1995 | title = More evidence on income distribution and growth | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/1992/12/01/000009265_3961003191831/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Journal of Development Economics | volume = 47 | issue = | pages = 403–427 | doi=10.1016/0304-3878(94)00069-o}}</ref> Penelitian statistik awal yang membandingkan kesenjangan dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi tidak menghasilkan kesimpulan apa-apa.<ref name=BanerjeeDuflo/> Pada tahun 2011, peneliti [[Dana Moneter Internasional]] menunjukkan bahwa kesetaraan pendapatan yang lebih besar—berkurangnya kesenjangan—meningkatkan durasi pertumbuhan ekonomi sebuah negara dengan lebih cepat dibandingkan perdagangan bebas, [[korupsi pemerintah]] pemerintah rendah, investasi asing, atau [[utang luar negeri]] rendah.<ref name=BergOstryEE />

Kesenjangan ekonomi bervariasi tergantung masyarakat, waktu, struktur ekonomi, dan sistem. Istilah tersebut dapat mengacu pada persebaran pendapatan atau kekayaan lintas lapisan masyarakat pada waktu tertentu, atau pendapatan dan kekayaan seumur hidup dalam jangka panjang.<ref>Wojciech Kopczuk, Emmanuel Saez, and Jae Song find that "most of the increase in the variance of (log) annual earnings is due to increases in the variance of (log) permanent earnings with modest increases in the variance of transitory (log) earnings." Thus, in fact, the increase in earnings inequality is in lifetime income. Furthermore, they find that it remains difficult for someone to move up the earnings distribution (though they do find upward mobility for women in their lifetime). See their "Earnings Inequality and Mobility in the United States: Evidence from Social Security Data since 1937," ''Quarterly Journal of Economics''. 125, no. 1 (2010): 91–128.</ref> Ada beberapa [[indeksIndeks (ekonomi)bias|indeks]] numerik untuk mengukur kesenjangan ekonomi. Di antara [[metrik kesenjangan pendapatan|metode pengukuran kesenjagan]] yang ada, [[koefisien Gini]] merupakan indeks yang paling terkenal.