Steve Jobs: Perbedaan antara revisi

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== Kehidupan awal ==
[[Berkas:Steve Jobs WWDC07.jpg|uprightlurus|thumbjmpl|rightka|250px|Steve Jobs di [[World Wide Developers Conference|WWDC]] 07|alt=Waist-high portrait of man in his fifties wearing a black turtle-neck shirt and blue jeans, gesturing in front of a blue curtain]]
 
Jobs lahir di [[San Francisco]], [[California]]<ref name="Smithsonian 1995">{{cite web|url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/comphist/sj1.html|title=Smithsonian Oral and Video Histories: Steve Jobs|work=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=September 20, 2006|date=April 20, 1995}}</ref> dan diadopsi oleh Paul dan Clara Jobs (née Hagopian)<ref>«Mother: Clara Hagopian (adoptive mother, accountant)» – [http://www.nndb.com/people/520/000023451/ Steve Jobs biography] at ''[[NNDB]]''.</ref> dari [[Mountain View, California|Mountain View]], California, yang menamainya Steven Paul. Paul dan Clara kemudian mengadopsi anak perempuan yang diberi nama Patti. Orang tua biologis Jobs – Abdulfattah Jandali, seorang sarjana berkebangsaan [[Suriah]]<ref name="bombsite.com">{{cite web|last=Sherman |first=Suzan |url=http://bombsite.com/issues/20/articles/947 |title=BOMB Magazine: Mona Simpson by Ameena Meer |publisher=Bombsite.com |accessdate=November 11, 2010}}</ref> yang kemudian menjadi profesor ilmu politik,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2006/jan/29/citynews.apple | location=London | title=The non-stop revolutionary | date=January 29, 2006 | work=The Guardian | first=David | last=Smith}}</ref> dan Joanne Simpson<!-- Carole Schieble --> (née Schieble), seorang sarjana berkebangsaan Amerika Serikat<ref name="bombsite.com"/> yang kemudian menjadi [[patolog bahasa wicara]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/12/magazine/creating-jobs.html?pagewanted=5 | title=Creating Jobs | first=Steve | last=Lohr | date=January 12, 1997 | work=The New York Times}}</ref> – yang kemudian menikah, melahirkan dan membesarkan adik biologis Jobs, yaitu novelis [[Mona Simpson (novelis)|Mona Simpson]].<ref name="vanityfair2005-10-1">Alan Deutschman, Richard Siklos, Heather Halberstadt, John Brodie, Duff McDonald, Craig Offman and Richard Rushfield, [http://web.archive.org/web/20111015185202/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-138671839/new-establishment-2005-50.html "The New Establishment 2005: The 50 Most Powerful Leaders of the Information Age"], ''[[Vanity Fair (majalah)|Vanity Fair]]'', October 1, 2005.</ref><ref name="greenbaypressgazette2005-12-4">Andy Behrendt, "Apple Computer mogul's roots tied to Green Bay", ''[[Green Bay Press-Gazette]]'', December 4, 2005.</ref><ref name="observer2006-1-26">David Smith, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2006/jan/29/citynews.apple "The non-stop revolutionary"], ''[[The Observer]]'' (U.K.), January 26, 2006.</ref><ref name="dailymail2008-4-30">Rob Waugh, additional reporting by Paul Henderson, [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1017242/iGod--Apple-went-bad-billions-doing-it.html "iGod—how Apple went bad, and made billions from doing it"], ''[[Daily Mail]]'' (U.K.), April 30, 2008.</ref><ref name="telegraph2009-1-14">[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/4242660/Steve-Jobs-Apples-iGod-Profile.html "Steve Jobs, Apple's iGod: Profile"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph|Telegraph]]'' (U.K.), January 14, 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index.htm |publisher=CNN | first=Peter | last=Elkind | title=The trouble with Steve Jobs | date=March 4, 2008}}</ref>
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=== Asal mula Apple Computer ===
{{See also|Sejarah Apple}}
[[Berkas:Steve Jobs and Bill Gates (522695099).jpg|uprightlurus|thumbjmpl|leftkiri|250px|Steve Jobs dan [[Bill Gates]] pada konferensi {{nowrap|''D: All Things Digital''}} kelima (''D5'') tahun 2007|alt=Two men in their fifties shown full length sitting in red leather chairs smiling at each other]]
 
Tahun 1976, Steve Jobs, [[Steve Wozniak]] dan [[Ronald Wayne]],<ref name="Wayne01">{{cite news|url=http://extras.denverpost.com/books/chap0411h.htm|title=Apple Confidential: The Real Story of Apple Computer, Inc.|work=The Denver Post|author=Owen W. Linzmayer, No Starch Press}}</ref> dengan pendanaan dari manajer pemasaran produk dan teknisi semi-pensiun Intel [[Mike Markkula|A.C. "Mike" Markkula Jr.]],<ref name="Markkula1997" /> mendirikan Apple. Sebelum mendirikan Apple bersama-sama, Wozniak adalah peretas barang elektronik. Jobs dan Wozniak telah berteman selama bertahun-tahun, bertemu tahun 1971 ketika teman mereka, Bill Fernandez, memperkenalkan Wozniak yang berusia 21 tahun kepada Jobs yang berusia 16 tahun. Steve Jobs berusaha membuat Wozniak tertarik merakit komputer dan menjualnya. Ketika Apple terus meluas, perusahaan mulai mencari eksekutif berpengalaman untuk membantu mengelola ekspansinya.
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{{See also|NeXT}}
 
[[Berkas:First Web Server.jpg|thumbjmpl|leftkiri|250px|upright=.7|[[NeXT Computer|NeXT]] dipakai oleh [[Tim Berners-Lee]] di [[CERN]] yang kelak menjadi peladen pertama dalam [[World Wide Web]].|alt=Black equipment on a teal blue desk. At left a monitor and at right a cube, both with small NeXT logos and in front a keyboard that says "Propriete CERN". Resting on the keyboard is a copy of "Information Management: A Proposal," and to its right is a book, probably "Enquire Within upon Everything". A partly peeled off label on the cube says, "This machine is a server. DO NOT POWER IT DOWN!!"]]
Pada waktu yang sama, Jobs mendirikan perusahaan komputer lain, [[NeXT|NeXT Computer]]. Seperti [[Apple Lisa]], teknologi stasiun kerja NeXT sangat maju; namun, industri ini menganggapnya sebagai barang mahal. Di antara karyawan yang mampu membelinya, stasiun kerja NeXT memiliki pengikut yang banyak karena kekuatan teknisnya, dan sistem pengembangan perangkat lunak [[berorientasi objek]] sangat penting bagi mereka. Jobs memasarkan produk NeXT di bidang ilmiah dan akademik karena teknologi baru yang inovatif dan eksperimental yang dimilikinya (seperti [[kernel Mach]], chip [[pemroses sinyal digital]], dan port [[Ethernet]] terpasang tetap).
 
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=== Kembali ke Apple ===
[[Berkas:Stevejobs Macworld2005.jpg|uprightlurus|leftkiri|thumbjmpl|250px|Jobs di panggung [[Macworld Conference & Expo]], San Francisco, 11 Januari 2005|alt=Full-length portrait of man about fifty wearing jeans and a black turtleneck shirt, standing in front of a dark curtain with a white Apple logo]]
{{See also|Apple Inc.#1998–2005: Kembali untuk|l1="1998–2005: Kembali untung" di Apple Inc.}}
 
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=== Gaya kepemimpinan ===
[[Berkas:Medvedev and Steve Jobs.jpg|thumbjmpl|250px|Jobs mendemonstrasikan [[iPhone 4]] kepada [[Presiden Rusia]] [[Dmitry Medvedev]] tanggal 23 Juni 2010|alt=Shoulder-high portrait of two middle aged men, the one on left wearing a blue dress shirt and suitcoat, the one on right wearing a black turtleneck shirt and with his glasses pushed back onto his head and holding a phone facing them with an Apple logo visible on its back]]
Banyak komentar yang dilontarkan mengenai kepribadian Jobs yang agresif dan menuntut. ''[[Fortune (majalah)|Fortune]]'' menulis bahwa ia "dianggap sebagai salah seorang [[egotisme|egomaniak]] terdepan di Silicon Valley."<ref name="egomaniac">{{cite news |last=Colvin |first=Geoff |title=Steve Jobs' Bad Bet. |publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=March 19, 2007 |url= http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/03/19/8402325/index.htm?source=yahoo_quote |accessdate=February 23, 2011}}</ref> Komentar mengenai gayanya yang temperamental dapat ditemukan di ''[[The Little Kingdom]]'' karya [[Michael Moritz|Mike Moritz]], satu dari beberapa biografi resmi mengenai Jobs; ''[[The Second Coming of Steve Jobs]]'' karya Alan Deutschman; dan ''[[iCon: Steve Jobs]]'' karya Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon. Tahun 1993, Jobs masuk dalam daftar Bos Paling Tegas di Amerika Serikat menurut majalah [[Fortune (majalah)|Fortune]] karena kepemimpinannya di NeXT. Pendiri pendamping Dan'l Lewin [http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1993/10/18/78470/index.htm dikutip oleh majalah Fortune], "Motivasinya tak dapat dipercaya... [n]amun kedisiplinannya tak dapat dibayangkan," yang ditanggapi kantor Jobs bahwa kepribadiannya telah berubah sejak saat itu.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1993/10/18/78470/index.htm |publisher=CNN | first=Brian | last=Dumaine | title=AMERICA'S TOUGHEST BOSSES In an era of endless restructuring, cutting heads like Robespierre on a rampage is just average. These leaders inflict pain by messing with your mind as well. Here's what they're like to work for | date=October 18, 1993}}</ref>
 
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Pada pertengahan 2004, Jobs mengumumkan kepada karyawannya bahwa ia didiagnosis mengalami [[tumor]] kanker di [[pankreas]]nya.<ref name="www-sfgate-MNGMJ816F41">{{cite news|title=Apple's Jobs has cancerous tumor removed|last=Evangelista|first=Benny|work=San Francisco Chronicle|date=August 2, 2004|page=A1|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2004/08/02/MNGMJ816F41.DTL|accessdate=August 9, 2006}}</ref> Prognosis [[kanker pankreas]] biasanya sangat rendah; namun Jobs menyatakan bahwa ia mengalami tumor langka kurang agresif yang dikenal sebagai [[tumor neuroendokrin]] [[karsinoma sel islet|sel islet]].<ref name="www-sfgate-MNGMJ816F41"/> Setelah awalnya menolak usul intervensi medis konvensional dan menjalani diet khusus untuk mengurangi penyakit ini, Jobs menjalani [[pankreatikoduodenektomi]] (atau "prosedur Whipple") pada Juli 2004 yang berhasil melenyapkan tumor tersebut.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/pancreatic-cancer/treatment.html |title=Pancreatic Cancer Treatment |publisher=Mayo Clinic |accessdate=April 19, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Markoff|first=John|title=Talk of Chief’s Health Weighs on Apple’s Share Price|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/23/technology/23apple.html?bl&ex=1216958400&en=0d31b1999828e3cc&ei=5087%0A|newspaper=New York Times|date=July 23, 2008}}</ref> Jobs tampak tidak memerlukan [[kemoterapi]] atau [[terapi radiasi]].<ref name="www-sfgate-MNGMJ816F41" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Elmer |first=Philip |url=http://apple20.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2008/06/13/steve-jobs-life-after-the-whipple/?source=yahoo_quote |title=Steve Jobs and Whipple |publisher=Apple20.blogs.fortune.cnn.com |date=June 13, 2008 |accessdate=April 19, 2010}}</ref> Selama Jobs tiada, [[Timothy D. Cook]], kepala penjualan dan operasi global Apple, menjalankan perusahaan ini.<ref name="www-sfgate-MNGMJ816F41" />
 
[[Berkas:Steve Jobs.jpg|thumbjmpl|upleft|250px|Jobs di 2008 [[Macworld Conference & Expo]]|alt=Crotch-high portrait of man in his fifties wearing blue jeans and a black turtleneck shirt, carrying an open laptop computer in his right hand, large Apple logo cut off behind him]]
 
Pada awal Agustus 2006, Jobs menyampaikan pidato intisari untuk [[Worldwide Developers Conference]] tahunan Apple. Penampilannya yang "kurus, hampir kering" dan penyampaian "tanpa daftar" yang tidak biasa,<ref>"Looking very thin, almost gaunt":{{cite web|url=http://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/commentary/cultofmac/2006/08/71557|title=Has Steve Jobs Lost His Magic?|last=Kahney|first=Leander|publisher=Wired News|work=Cult of Mac|accessdate=August 8, 2006}}</ref><ref>"[The audience was] uninspired (and concerned) by Jobs' relatively listless delivery":{{cite news|title=Jobs speech wasn’t very Jobs-like|last=Meyers|first=Michelle|url=http://www.news.com/8301-10784_3-6103427-7.html|publisher=[[CNET|CNET News.com]]|work=BLOGMA|accessdate=August 8, 2006}}</ref> beserta pilihannya untuk mengalihkan bagian-bagian penting pidatonya kepada presenter lain, memunculkan banjir spekulasi tentang kesehatannya di media dan Internet.<ref>{{cite news|title=Where's Jobs' Mojo?|last=Saracevic|first=Al|work=San Francisco Chronicle|date=August 9, 2006|page=C1|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/08/09/BUGTEKDE6M1.DTL|accessdate=August 9, 2006}}</ref> Namun menurut laporan jurnal ''[[Ars Technica]]'', peserta [[Worldwide Developers Conference|WWDC]] yang melihat Jobs secara pribadi mengatakan ia "tampak baik-baik saja".<ref>{{cite web|title=What happened to The Steve we know and love?|url=http://arstechnica.com/journals/apple.ars/2006/8/8/4913|last=Cheng|first=Jacqui|publisher=Ars Technica|work=Infinite Loop|accessdate=August 8, 2006}}</ref> Setelah pidato tersebut, juru bicara Apple mengatakan bahwa "Steve sangat sehat."<ref>{{cite web | last = Claburn | first = Thomas | title = Steve Jobs Lives! | publisher=[[InformationWeek]] | date = August 11, 2006 | url = http://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2006/08/steve_jobs_live.html | accessdate =October 9, 2007 }}</ref>