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Baris 1: [[Berkas:Kladderadatsch 1875 - Zwischen Berlin und Rom.png\|~~thumb~~jmpl\|300px\|''Antara Berlin dan Roma'', [[Kladderadatsch]], 1875]] '''Kulturkampf''' adalah penindasan umat [[Katolik]] di [[Jerman]] pada akhir abad ke-19.<ref name="Heuken"> Adolf Heuken. 2006. Ensiklopedi Gereja:Tr-Z. Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka. Hlm 81.</ref> Gerakan ini dilakukan oleh [[Otto von Bismarck]] yang takut pada pengaruh [[gereja]] [[Katolik]] Roma yang akan memecah belah kesatuan Kekaisaran Jerman.<ref name="Wellem"> F.D.Wellem. 2006. Kamus Sejarah Gereja. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia. Hlm 252-253.</ref> Para [[Yesuit]] diusir keluar [[Jerman]] dan sekolah-sekolah [[gereja]] dinegerikan.<ref name="Wellem"/> Ada beberapa [[uskup]] dan [[kardinal]] yang dipenjarakan, [[Gereja Katolik Roma]] kehilangan semua bantuan finansial dari pemerintah dan semua anggota serikat diusir dari Jerman.<ref name="Wellem"/> Tetapi ketika [[Bismarck]] ingin mengalahkan Partai Sosial Demokrasi ia justru meminta bantuan dari [[Gereja Katolik Roma]], dan hal ini menyebabkan adanya perdamaian dengan [[Paus Leo XIII]].<ref name="Wellem"/> Pada tahun 1887, peraturan yang melawan [[Gereja Katolik Roma]] dihapuskan, tetapi serikat [[Yesuit]] tetap diusir.<ref name="Wellem"/> Baris 9: == Bacaan lebih lanjut == {{refbegin}} * Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. ''Windthorst: A Political Biography'' (1981), the leader of the Catholic Center Party * Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. ''Practicing democracy: Elections and political culture in Imperial Germany'' (Princeton University Press, 2000) * Atkin, Nicholas, and Frank Tallett. ''Priests, Prelates and People: A History of European Catholicism since 1750'' (Oxford UP, 2003). * Bennette, Rebecca Ayako. ''Fighting for the Soul of Germany: The Catholic Struggle for Inclusion After Unification'' (Harvard University Press; 2012) 368 pages; examines Catholics' promotion of an alternative national identity after 1871. * Blackbourn, David. ''Marpingen: Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Nineteenth-Century Germany'' (Oxford, 1993) * Clark, Christopher and Wolfram Kaiser, eds. ''Culture Wars: Secular-Catholic Conflict in Nineteenth Century Europe'' (Cambridge University Press, 2003); Covers 10 countries; [http://www.h-france.net/vol4reviews/vol4no36Curtis.pdf online review] * Gross, Michael B. ''The War against Catholicism: Liberalism and the Anti-Catholic Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Germany'' (2005) * {{Citation \| last = Hollyday \| first = FBM \| title = Bismarck \| series = Great Lives Observed \| publisher = Prentice-Hall \| year = 1970}}. * Hope, Nicholas, "Prussian Protestantism," in Philip G. Dwyer, ed. ''Modern Prussian History: 1830–1947'' (2001) pp. 188–208 * Lamberti, Marjorie. "Religious conflicts and German national identity in Prussia, 1866–1914," in Philip G. Dwyer, ed. ''Modern Prussian History: 1830–1947'' (2001) pp. 169–187 * Ross, Ronald J. ''The failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany, 1871–1887'', (Washington, D.C., 1998) * Ross, Ronald J. "Enforcing the Kulturkampf in the Bismarckian state and the limits of coercion in imperial Germany." ''Journal of Modern History'' (1984): 456-482. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1880020 in JSTOR] * Ross, Ronald J. "The Kulturkampf: Restrictions and Controls on the Practice of Religion in Bismarck’s Germany." in Richard Helmstadter, ed. ''Freedom and Religion in the Nineteenth Century'' (1997) pp: 172-195. Baris 29: === Historiografi === {{refbegin}} * Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. "Confessions of a Fellow Traveler," ''Catholic Historical Review'' (2013) 99#4 pp 623–648. * Heilbronner, Oded. "From Ghetto to Ghetto: The Place of German Catholic Society in Recent Historiography" ''Journal of Modern History'' (2000) 72#2 pp. 453–495. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/315995 in JSTOR] {{refend}} == Pranala luar == * {{Cite CE1913\|wstitle=Kulturkampf \|short=x}}, artikel mendetail oleh Martin Spahn, ditulis pada tahun 1910. * {{Cite NIE\|wstitle=Kulturkampf \|year=1905 \|short=x}} * [http://members.aol.com/megxyz/heather.html "Bismarck’s Failure: the Kulturkampf"] deskripsi panjang * [http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1792 Founding Manifesto of the Protestant League (1887); Statistics on Membership (1887-1913) (English translation)] a German anti-Catholic propaganda organization that became active after the Kulturkampf * [http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/bisdom.htm Bismarck’s Domestic Polices 1871 -1890] Kulturkampf in the context of Bismarck's entire domestic policies, by a head of history at Catholic University School in Dublin * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051108200950/http://www.wlajournal.com/12_1/Boxwell.pdf Kulturkampf Now and Then] esai sepanjang 13 halaman dalam bentuk [[Portable Document Format\|pdf]] oleh seorang Profesor [[Akademi Angkatan Udara Amerika Serikat]] * [http://h-net.org/~german/gtext/kaiserreich/windhorst.html Ludwig Windthorst Speaks in the Prussian Parliament (1873)] pidato [[Ludwig Windthorst]] setelah analisisnya * [http://www.zum.de/psm/imperialismus/bismarck3e.php Bismarck on the purpose of the Kulturkampf] Pidato di House of Lords Prussian, 10 Maret 1873 * [http://www.litdok.de/cgi-bin/litdok?lang=en&t_multi=x&v_0=THS&q_0=kulturkampf+(1871-1887)%0F Kulturkampf: Bibliography by] LitDok East-Central Europe [[Herder-Institut (Marburg)]] {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Sejarah Kristen]]

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