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{{Distinguish|Bahasa Jepang Okinawa}}
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox Language family
|name=Ryukyuan
|name=Rumpun bahasa Ryukyu
|region=[[Ryukyu Islands]] ([[Okinawa Prefecture]], [[Amami Islands]] of [[Kagoshima Prefecture]])
|familycolor=Altaik
|ethnicity=[[Ryukyuan people]]
|region=[[Jepang]] ([[Prefektur Okinawa]], [[Kepulauan Amami]] di [[Prefektur Kagoshima]])
|familycolor=grey
|speakers= 900,000
|fam1=[[Japonic languages|Japonic]]
|fam1=[[Bahasa Japonik|Japonik]]
|child1=[[Northern Ryukyuan languages|Northern Ryukyuan]]
|child1=[[Bahasa Amami|Amami]]
|child2=[[Southern Ryukyuan languages|Southern Ryukyuan]]
|child2=[[Bahasa Okinawa|Okinawa]]
|glotto=ryuk1243
|child3=[[Bahasa Miyako|Miyako]]
|glottorefname=Ryukyuan
|child4=[[Bahasa Yaeyama|Yaeyama]]
|map=Location of the Ryukyu Islands.JPG
|child5=[[Bahasa Yonaguni|Yonaguni]]
|mapcaption=Location of Ryukyu Islands
|child6=[[Bahasa Kunigami|Kunigami]]
}}
'''Rumpun bahasa Ryukyu''' (atau dialek-dialek Ryukyu dari [[bahasa Jepang]]) adalah bahasa-bahasa yang dipertuturkan di [[Kepulauan Ryukyu]], dan membentuk cabang dari rumpun [[bahasa Japonik]].
{{Incubator|prefix=Wp|code=ryu}}
[[Berkas:Billboards in Okinawan.jpg|jmpl|Traffic safety slogan signs in [[Kin, Okinawa]], written in Japanese (center) and Okinawan (left and right).]]
 
Percabangan antara rumpun bahasa Ryukyu dan bahasa Jepang terjadi tidak terlalu lama sebelum munculnya bukti-bukti tertulis awal bahasa Jepang, sehingga diperkirakan pada suatu masa sebelum abad ke-7.<ref>[http://japanfocus.org/products/topdf/1596 Japan Focus: Language Loss and Revitalization in the Ryukyu Islands], Patrick Heinrich, dipasang 10 November 2005. Demikian pula [http://www.sicri.org/ISIC1/j.%20ISIC1P%20Heinrich.pdf What leaves a mark should no longer stain: Progressive erasure and reversing language shift activities in the Ryukyu Islands], 2005, mengutip: Hattori, Shirō (1954) 'Gengo nendaigaku sunawachi goi tokeigaku no hōhō ni tsuite' [‘Concerning the Method of Glottochronology and Lexicostatistics’], ''Gengo kenkyū'' [Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan] v26/27</ref>
{{nihongo|'''Rumpun bahasa Ryukyu'''|琉球語派|Ryūkyū-goha|{{nihongo2|琉球諸語}} ''Ryūkyū-shogo'' atau {{nihongo2|しまくとぅば}} ''Shima kutuba'' "Bahasa Kepulauan"}} adalah bahasa asli [[Kepulauan Ryukyu]], bagian paling selatan [[kepulauan Jepang]]. Seiring dengan [[bahasa Jepang]], mereka membentuk keluarga bahasa Japonik. Meskipun bahasa Ryukyuan kadang-kadang dianggap sebagai dialek bahasa Jepang, bahasa Ryukyuan tidak dapat dipahami dengan bahasa Jepang atau bahkan satu sama lain. Tidak diketahui berapa banyak penutur bahasa ini yang tetap ada, namun pergeseran bahasa terhadap penggunaan [[Bahasa Jepang|Bahasa Standar Jepang]] dan dialek seperti [[bahasa Jepang Okinawa]] telah mengakibatkan bahasa-bahasa ini terancam; [[Organisasi Pendidikan, Keilmuan, dan Kebudayaan PBB|UNESCO]] mengelompokkan empat bahasa "yang benar-benar terancam"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1975.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1974.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1973.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1976.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref> dan dua lainnya "sangat terancam".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1971.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1972.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref>
 
== IkhtisarSituasi saat ini ==
Di [[Pulau Okinawa|Okinawa]], [[Bahasa Jepang]] Standar hampir selalu digunakan dalam berbagai situasi formal. Sedangkan dalam situasi informal, secara ''de facto'' bahasa sehari-hari yang dipergunakan oleh orang-orang Okinawa yang berusia di bawah 60 tahun adalah bahasa Jepang daratan beraksen Okinawa, yang disebut [[Bahasa Jepang Okinawa]] ([[:ja:ウチナーヤマトグチ|ウチナーヤマトゥグチ]], ''Uchinā Yamatoguchi''). Bahasa tersebut sering disalahpahami sebagai [[Bahasa Okinawa]] yang sebenarnya ([[:ja:ウチナーグチ|ウチナーグチ]], ''Uchināguchi'').
Secara fonologis, bahasa Ryukyuan memiliki beberapa fitur yang tidak biasa secara linguistik. Bahasa Ryukyuan Selatan memiliki sejumlah [[konsonan silabik]], termasuk frafatif silabus tak bersuara (misalnya Ōgami [[Bahasa Miyako|Miyako]] /kss/ [ksː] 'dada'). [[Konsonan glottal]] biasa terjadi (misalnya Yuwan [[Bahasa Amami|Amami]] /ʔma/ [ˀma] "kuda"). Beberapa bahasa Ryukyuan memiliki vokal klasik fonemik, mis. Yuwan Amami /kɨɨ/ "pohon". Ikema Miyako memiliki fonem nasal tanpa suara /n̥/. Banyak bahasa Ryukyuan, seperti bahasa Jepang Standar dan kebanyakan dialek Jepang, memiliki aksen nada kontras.
 
Demikian pula, bahasa sehari-hari di [[Amami Ōshima|pulau Amami]] bukan [[Bahasa Amami]] yang sebenarnya, melainkan bahasa Jepang daratan beraksen Amami yang disebut "Bahasa Kentang Standar" (トン普通語, ''Ton Futsūgo'').<ref>[http://www.synapse.ne.jp/hellokids/sinnantoutuusin/sinnantoutuusin_3.htm Informasi di Situs synapse.ne.jp]</ref>
Bahasa Ryukyuan umumnya berpola [[Subjek–objek–predikat|SOP]], penandaan dependen, modifikator, bahasa nominatif-akusatif, seperti bahasa Jepang. Kata sifat umumnya terikat morfem, terjadi baik dengan kata benda majemuk atau menggunakan verbalisasi. Banyak bahasa Ryukyuan menandai nominatif dan genitif dengan penanda yang sama. Penanda ini memiliki fitur bentuk perubahan yang tidak biasa tergantung pada hierarki animasi. Bahasa Ryukyuan memiliki penanda topik dan fokus, yang mungkin berbentuk berbeda tergantung konteks sentensial. Ryukyuan juga mempertahankan infleksi verbal khusus untuk klausa dengan spidol fokus—fitur yang tidak biasa ini juga ditemukan dalam bahasa Jepang Kuno, namun hilang dalam bahasa Jepang Modern.
 
Sekarang terdapat program berita radio yang mengadakan siaran dalam bahasa Okinawa.<ref>[http://www.okinawabbtv.com/news/h_news.htm Informasi di Situs OkinawaBBtV]</ref>
== Classification and varieties ==
The Ryukyuan languages belong to the [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] language family, related to the [[Japanese language]].<ref name="sp1" /> The Ryukyuan languages are not [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] with Japanese—in fact, they are not even mutually intelligible with each other—and thus may be considered separate languages.<ref name="sp1" /> However, for socio-political and ideological reasons, they have often classified within Japan as dialects of Japanese.<ref name="sp1" /> Starting in the 1890s, the Japanese government began to suppress the Ryukyuan languages as part of their policy of forced assimilation in the islands. Since the beginning of [[World War II]], most mainland Japanese have regarded the Ryukyuan languages as a dialect or group of dialects of Japanese. During World War II, in an effort to build consciousness in people as subjects of the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese Empire]], not only the Ryukyuan group, but also [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Palauan language|Palauan]] and various other languages were referred to as "dialects" of Japanese.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.jpri.org/publications/occasionalpapers/op8.html |title=JPRI Occasional Paper No. 8 |publisher=Jpri.org |date=1972-05-15 |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref>
 
== Pembagian ==
The Okinawan language is only 71% lexically similar to, or cognate with, standard Tokyo Japanese. Even the southernmost Japanese dialect ([[Kagoshima dialect]]) is only 72% cognate with the northernmost Ryukyuan language (Amami). The Kagoshima dialect of Japanese, however, is 80% lexically similar to Standard Japanese.<ref>沖縄語辞典 (''Okinawan dictionary''). "前書き" (''Preface''). 国立国語研究所 1998</ref> There is general agreement among linguistics experts that Ryukyuan varieties can be divided into six languages, conservatively,<ref>言語学大辞典セレクション：日本列島の言語 (''Selection from the Encyclopædia of Linguistics: The Languages of the Japanese Archipelago''). "琉球列島の言語" (''The Languages of the Ryukyu Islands''). 三省堂 1997</ref> with dialects unique to islands within each group also sometimes considered languages.
[[Berkas:Billboards in Okinawan.jpg|thumb|Tanda-tanda slogan keselamatan lalu lintas di [[Kin, Okinawa]], ditulis dalam Bahasa Okinawa dan Bahasa Jepang.]]
* [[Bahasa Amami]] lisan: Pulau-pulau di [[Distrik Amami|Kepulauan Amami]]; Bahasa standar: [[Naze, Kagoshima]]; Petutur: 130.000 orang
* [[Bahasa Miyako]] lisan (Miyako: ''myaaku hutsi''): Pulau-pulau di Distrik Miyako; Bahasa standar: [[Hirara, Okinawa]]; Petutur: 55.783 orang
* [[Bahasa Okinawa]] lisan (Okinawa: ''uchinaaguchi''): Distrik-distrik selatan dan pusat di Okinawa daratan dan pulau-pulau kecil di sekitarnya; Bahasa standar: Secara tradisional di [[Shuri, Okinawa]], secara modern di [[Naha, Okinawa]]; Petutur: 900.000 orang
* [[Bahasa Kunigami]] lisan: Distrik Yanbaru di Okinawa daratan sebelah utara maupun pulau-pulau kecil di sekitarnya; Bahasa standar: [[Kunigami, Okinawa]]; Petutur: ??? orang
* [[Bahasa Yaeyama]] lisan (Yaeyama: ''yaima munii''): Pulau-pulau di Distrik Yaeyama; Bahasa standar: [[Ishigaki, Okinawa]]; Petutur: 44.650 orang
* [[Bahasa Yonaguni]] lisan: Pulau Yonaguni di Distrik Yaeyama; Bahasa standar: [[Yonaguni, Okinawa]]; Petutur: 1.800 orang
 
Setiap bahasa Ryukyu umumnya tidak dapat dipahami oleh petutur bahasa lainnya yang merupakan sesama anggota rumpun keluarga bahasa ini. Hal tersebut karena banyaknya keragaman yang ada di antara bahasa-bahasa itu. Di bawah ini terdapat tabel yang menunjukkan perbandingan antara frasa-frasa sederhana pada setiap bahasa.
A widely accepted hypothesis among linguists categorizes the Ryukyuan languages into two groups, Northern Ryukyuan (Amami–Okinawa) and Southern Ryukyuan (Miyako–Yaeyama).<ref name="sp2" /> Many speakers of the Amami, Miyako, Yaeyama and Yonaguni languages may also be familiar with Okinawan since the language counts the most speakers and once acted as the regional standard. Speakers of Yonaguni are also likely to know the Yaeyama language due to its proximity. Since Amami, Miyako, Yaeyama, and Yonaguni are less urbanised than the Okinawan mainland, their languages are not declining as quickly as that of Okinawa proper, and some children continue to be brought up in these languages. In Okinawa proper, a dialect of standard Japanese known as {{nihongo|[[Okinawan Japanese]]|[[:ja:ウチナーヤマトグチ|ウチナーヤマトゥグチ]]|Uchinaa Yamatuguchi}} has developed.<ref name="s245" />
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Terima kasih !! Selamat datang
!Language
!Local name
!Geographic distribution
!Standard dialect
![[ISO 639-3]]
|-
| Jepang Standar || Arigatō || Yōkoso
|[[Kikai language|Kikai]]
|''Shimayumita'' ({{lang|ja|しまゆみた}})
|[[Kikaijima]]
|N/A
|[[ISO 639:kzg|kzg]]
|-
| Amami || Arigatesama ryōta || Imōrī
|[[Amami language|Amami]]
| {{nowrap|''Shimayumuta'' ({{lang|ja|島口}}/{{lang|ja|シマユムタ}})}}
|[[Amami Ōshima]] and surrounding minor islands
|[[Naze, Kagoshima|Naze]]
|[[ISO 639:ams|ams]], [[ISO 639:ryn|ryn]]
|-
| Kunigami || Mihediro || Ugamiyabura
|[[Tokunoshima language|Tokunoshima]]
| {{nowrap|''Shimayumiita'' ({{lang|ja|シマユミィタ}})}}
|[[Tokunoshima]]
|[[Tokunoshima, Kagoshima|Tokunoshima]]
|[[ISO 639:tkn|tkn]]
|-
| Okinawa || Nifēdēbiru || Mensōrē
|[[Okinoerabu language|Okinoerabu]]
| {{nowrap|''Shimamuni'' ({{lang|ja|島ムニ}})}}
|[[Okinoerabujima]]
|N/A
|[[ISO 639:okn|okn]]
|-
| Miyako || Tandigātandi || Nmyāchi
|[[Yoron language|Yoron]]
| {{nowrap|''Yunnu Futuba'' ({{lang|ja|ユンヌフトゥバ}})}}
|[[Yoronjima]]
|[[Yoron, Kagoshima|Yoron]]
|[[ISO 639:yox|yox]]
|-
| Yaeyama || Mīfaiyū || Ōritōri
|[[Kunigami language|Kunigami]]
| {{nowrap|''Yanbaru Kutuuba'' ({{lang|ja|山原言葉}}/{{lang|ja|ヤンバルクトゥーバ}})<ref>{{cite web|author=沖縄言語研究センター |url=http://ryukyu-lang.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/nkjn/details.php?ID=NK58405 |title=今帰仁方言音声データベース ヤンバルクトゥーバ |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2014-02-16}}</ref>}}
|Northern [[Okinawa Island]] ([[Yanbaru]] region), and surrounding minor islands
|Largest community is [[Nago, Okinawa|Nago]]
|[[ISO 639:xug|xug]]
|-
|[[Okinawan language|Okinawan]]
| {{nowrap|''Uchinaaguchi'' ({{lang|ja|沖縄口}}/{{lang|ja|ウチナーグチ}})}}
|Central and southern [[Okinawa Island]] and surrounding minor islands
|Traditionally [[Shuri, Okinawa|Shuri]], modern [[Naha, Okinawa|Naha]]
|[[ISO 639:ryu|ryu]]
|-
|[[Miyako language|Miyako]]
| {{nowrap|''Myaakufutsu'' ({{lang|ja|宮古口}}/{{lang|ja|ミャークフツ}})<ref>{{cite web|author=沖縄言語研究センター |url=http://133.13.160.25/rlang/myk/details.php?ID=MY14472 |title=宮古方言音声データベース ミャークフツ |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2014-02-16}}</ref>}}<br>{{nowrap|''Sumafutsu'' ({{lang|mvi|島口}}/{{lang|mvi|スマフツ}})}}
|[[Miyako Islands]]
|[[Hirara, Okinawa|Hirara]]
|[[ISO 639:mvi|mvi]]
|-
|[[Yaeyama language|Yaeyama]]
| {{nowrap|''Yaimamuni'' ({{lang|ja|八重山物言}}/{{lang|ja|ヤイマムニ}})}}
|[[Yaeyama Islands]] (except Yonaguni)
|[[Ishigaki, Okinawa|Ishigaki]]
|[[ISO 639:rys|rys]]
|-
|[[Yonaguni language|Yonaguni]]
| {{nowrap|''Dunan Munui'' ({{lang|ja|与那国物言}}/{{lang|ja|ドゥナンムヌイ}})}}
|[[Yonaguni Island]]
|[[Yonaguni, Okinawa|Yonaguni]]
|[[ISO 639:yoi|yoi]]
|}
 
Each Ryukyuan language is generally unintelligible to others in the same family. There is a wide diversity between them. For example, Yonaguni has only three vowels, whereas varieties of Amami may have up to seven, excluding length distinctions. The table below illustrates the different phrases used in each language for "thank you" and "welcome", with standard Japanese provided for comparison.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Language !! Thank you !! Welcome
|-
| Standard Japanese || Arigatō || Yōkoso
|-
| Amami || Arigatesama ryoota<br />Arigassama ryoota || Imoore
|-
| Kunigami (Okinoerabu) || Mihediro || Ugamiyabura<br />Menshoori
|-
| Okinawan || Nifeedeebiru || Mensooree
|-
| Miyako || Tandigaatandi<br />Maifuka || Nmyaachi
|-
| Yaeyama || Miifaiyuu<br/ > Fukoorasaan || Ooritoori
|-
| Yonaguni || Fugarasa || Wari
|}
 
{{Gallery
|title="Welcome" signs in each language
|align=center
|File:Welcome sign in Amami.jpg|''Imoore'' (いもーれ), Amami
|File:Welcome sign in Kunigami.jpg|''Menshoori'' (めんしょーり), Kunigami (Okinoerabu)
|File:Welcome sign in Okinawan.jpg|''Mensoore'' (めんそーれ), Okinawan
|File:Welcome sign in Miyako.jpg|''Nmyaachi'' (んみゃーち), Miyako
|File:Welcome sign in Yaeyama.jpg|''Ooritoori'' (おーりとーり), Yaeyama
|File:Welcome sign in Yonaguni.jpg|''Waari'' (ワーリ), Yonaguni
}}
 
== Status ==
[[Berkas:Makishi First Public Market.JPG|jmpl|A market sign in Naha, written in Okinawan (red) and Japanese (blue).]]
There is no census data for the Ryukyuan languages, and the number of speakers is unknown.<ref name="sp2">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=2}}</ref> As of 2005, the total population of the Ryukyu region was 1,452,288, but fluent speakers are restricted to the older generation, generally in their 50s or older, and thus the true number of Ryukyuan speakers should be much lower.<ref name="sp2" />
 
Today, children still being brought up with the Ryukyuan languages is becoming increasingly rare throughout the islands, and usually only occurs when the children are living with their grandparents. The Ryukyuan languages are still used in traditional cultural activities, such as [[Ryukyuan music|folk music]], [[Kumi Odori|folk dance]], [[Ryuka (poetry)|poem]] and folk plays. There has also been a radio news program in the Naha dialect since 1960.<ref>{{cite web|author=沖縄映像センター |url=http://www.okinawabbtv.com/news/h_news.htm |title=おきなわBBtv★沖縄の方言ニュース★沖縄の「今」を沖縄の「言葉」で！ラジオ沖縄で好評放送中の「方言ニュース」をブロードバンドでお届けします。 |publisher=Okinawabbtv.com |date= |accessdate=2014-01-01}}</ref>
 
In [[Okinawa Island|Okinawa]], people under the age of 40 have little proficiency in the native [[Okinawan language]].<ref name="s244">{{Harvcoltxt|Sugita|2007|p=244}}</ref> A new [[mixed language]], based on Japanese and Okinawan, has developed, known as "[[Okinawan Japanese]]".<ref name="s245">{{Harvcoltxt|Sugita|2007|p=245}}</ref> Although it has been largely ignored by linguists and language activists, this is the language of choice among the younger generation.<ref name="s245" />
 
Similarly, the common language now used in everyday conversations in the [[Amami Ōshima]] is not the traditional [[Amami language]], but rather a regional variation of Amami-accented Japanese, locally nicknamed トン普通語 (''Ton Futsūgo'', literally meaning "potato [i.e. rustic] common language") by older speakers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.synapse.ne.jp/hellokids/sinnantoutuusin/sinnantoutuusin_3.htm |title=島口（奄美の方言）入門その１－あなたもシマンチュに |publisher=Synapse.ne.jp |date= |accessdate=2014-01-01}}</ref>
 
To try to preserve the language, the Okinawan Prefectural government proclaimed on March 31, 2006, that September 18 would be commemorated as {{nihongo3|"Island Languages Day"|[[:ja:しまくとぅばの日|しまくとぅばの日]]|Shimakutuba no Hi}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pref.okinawa.jp/reiki/41890101003500000000/41890101003500000000/41890101003500000000.html |title=○しまくとぅばの日に関する条例 |language=ja |publisher=Pref.okinawa.jp |date= |accessdate=2014-01-25}}</ref> as the day's numerals in ''[[goroawase]]'' spell out ''ku'' (9), ''tu'' (10), ''ba'' (8); ''kutuba'' is one of the few words common throughout the Ryukyuan languages meaning "word" or "language" (a cognate of the Japanese word {{nihongo3|"word"|言葉|kotoba}}). A similar commemoration is held in the Amami region on February 18 beginning in 2007, proclaimed as {{nihongo3|"Dialect Day"|方言の日|Hōgen no Hi}} by [[Ōshima Subprefecture (Kagoshima)|Ōshima Subprefecture]] in [[Kagoshima Prefecture]]. Each island has its own name for the event:
* [[Amami Ōshima]]: {{nihongo3||シマユムタの日|Shimayumuta no Hi}} or {{nihongo3||シマクトゥバの日|Shimakutuba no Hi}} (also written {{nihongo2|島口の日}})
* On [[Kikaijima]] it is {{nihongo3||シマユミタの日|Shimayumita no Hi}}
* On [[Tokunoshima]] it is {{nihongo3||シマグチ（島口）の日|Shimaguchi no Hi}} or {{nihongo3||シマユミィタの日|Shimayumiita no Hi}}
* On [[Okinoerabujima]] it is {{nihongo3||島ムニの日|Shimamuni no Hi}}
* On [[Yoronjima]] it is {{nihongo||ユンヌフトゥバの日|Yunnufutuba no Hi}}.
Yoronjima's ''fu'' (2) ''tu'' (10) ''ba'' (8) is the ''goroawase'' source of the February 18 date, much like with Okinawa Prefecture's use of ''kutuba''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/aq01/chiiki/oshima/kyoiku/oosimatikuhougennnohi.html |title=鹿児島県／大島地区「方言の日」 |publisher=Pref.kagoshima.jp |date= |accessdate=2014-02-17}}</ref>
 
== History ==
[[Berkas:flag of Ryukyu.svg|jmpl|ka|Flag of the Ryukyu Kingdom until 1875]]
 
It is generally accepted that the Ryukyu Islands were populated from Mainland Japan in the first millennium, and since then relative isolation from the mainland allowed the Ryukyuan languages to diverge significantly from [[Old Japanese]]. However, the discoveries of the [[Pinza-Abu Cave Man]], the [[Minatogawa Man]], and the [[Yamashita Cave Man]]<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248496900251 |title=Early modern human remains from eastern Asia: the Yamashita-cho 1 immature postcrania |date=1996-04-30 |accessdate=2014-03-16 |doi=10.1006/jhev.1996.0025 |volume=30 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |pages=299–314}}</ref> as well as the [[Shiraho Saonetabaru Cave Ruins]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase/118/3/118_091214/_article |title=Pleistocene human remains from Shiraho-Saonetabaru Cave on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan, and their radiocarbon dating |doi=10.1537/ase.091214 |publisher=Jstage.jst.go.jp |date= |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref> suggest an earlier arrival to the island by modern humans. Some researchers suggest that the Ryukyuan languages are most likely to have evolved from a "pre-Proto-Japonic language" from the Korean peninsula.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/181931 |title=Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages |publisher=Degruyter.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref> However, Ryukyuan may have already begun to diverge from early Japanese before this migration, while its speakers still dwelt in [[Mainland Japan|the main islands of Japan]].<ref name="sp2" /> After this initial settlement, there was little contact between the main islands and the Ryukyu Islands for centuries, allowing Ryukyuan to diverge as a separate linguistic entity.<ref name="sp4">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=4}}</ref> This situation lasted until the [[Kyushu]]-based [[Satsuma Domain]] conquered the Ryukyu Islands in the 17th century.<ref name="sp4" />
 
The [[Ryukyu Kingdom]] retained autonomy until 1879, when it was annexed by Japan.<ref name="t14">{{Harvcoltxt|Takara|2007|p=14}}</ref> The Japanese government adopted a policy of forced assimilation, appointing mainland Japanese to political posts and suppressing native culture and language.<ref name="t14" /> Students caught speaking Ryukyuan were made to wear a ''[[dialect card]]'' ([[:ja:方言札|方言札]] ''hōgen fuda''), a method of [[public humiliation]].<ref name="t15">{{Harvcoltxt|Takara|2007|p=15}}</ref><ref group="nb">This punishment was taken from the 19th [[Language policy in France|French language policy]] of [[Vergonha]], especially by [[Jules Ferry]], where the regional languages such as [[Occitan language|Occitan (Provençal)]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], or [[Breton language|Breton]] were suppressed in favor of [[French language|French]]; see also [[Welsh Not]], for a similar system in [[United Kingdom|Britain]]. The same system was also used in other parts of Japan, such as the [[Tōhoku region]].{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}</ref> Students who regularly wore the card would receive [[corporal punishment]].<ref name="t15" /> In 1940, there was a political debate amongst Japanese leaders about whether or not to continue the oppression of the Ryukyuan languages, although the argument for assimilation prevailed.<ref>Heinrich, Patrick. ''Hōgen ronsō: the great Ryukyuan languages debate of 1940.'' Contemporary Japan - Journal of the German Institute for Japanese Studies, Tokyo. Aug2013, Vol. 25 Issue 2, p167-187. 21p. 4 Charts. {{ISSN|1869-2729}}</ref> In the [[World War II]] era, speaking Ryukyuan was officially illegal, although in practice the older generation was still monolingual.<ref name="t15" /> This policy of [[Language death|linguicide]] lasted into the [[History of the Ryukyu Islands#Post-war occupation|post-war occupation]] of the Ryukyu Islands by the [[United States]].<ref name="t15" /> As the American occupation forces generally promoted the reforming of a separate Ryukyuan culture, many Okinawan officials continued to strive for Japanification as a form of defiance.
 
Nowadays, in favor of [[multiculturalism]], preserving Ryukyuan languages has become the policy of [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa Prefectural government]], as well as the government of [[Kagoshima Prefecture]]'s [[Ōshima Subprefecture (Kagoshima)|Ōshima Subprefecture]]. However, the situation is not very optimistic, since the vast majority of Okinawan children are now monolingual in Japanese.
 
== Geographic distribution ==
The Ryukyuan languages are spoken on the [[Ryukyu Islands]], which comprise the southernmost part of the [[Japanese archipelago]]<ref name="sp1">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=1}}</ref> There are four major island groups which make up the Ryukyu Islands: the [[Amami Islands]], the [[Okinawa Islands]], the [[Miyako Islands]], and the [[Yaeyama Islands]].<ref name="sp1" /> The former is in the [[Kagoshima Prefecture]], while the latter three are in the [[Okinawa Prefecture]].<ref name="sp1" />
 
== Orthography ==
[[Berkas:Letter of Kanamaru.jpg|jmpl|A letter from King [[Shō En]] to [[Shimazu clan|Shimazu]] ''[[Glossary of sumo terms#oyakata|oyakata]]'' (1471); an example of written Ryukyuan.]]
{{see also|Okinawan scripts}}
Older Ryukyuan texts are often found on stone inscriptions. ''Tamaudun-no-Hinomon'' ([[:ja:玉陵の碑文|玉陵の碑文]] "Inscription of [[Tamaudun]] tomb") (1501), for example. Within the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]], official texts were written in [[kanji]] and [[hiragana]], derived from Japan. However, this was a sharp contrast from Japan at the time, where [[classical Chinese]] writing was mostly used for official texts, only using hiragana for informal ones. Classical Chinese writing was sometimes used in Ryukyu as well, read in ''[[Kanbun|kundoku]]'' (Ryukyuan) or in Chinese. In Ryukyu, [[katakana]] was hardly used.
 
Historically, official documents in Ryukyuan were primarily written in a form of classical Chinese writing known as [[Kanbun]], while poetry and songs were often written in the Shuri dialect of [[Okinawan language|Okinawan]].
 
Commoners did not learn kanji. ''[[Omoro Sōshi]]'' (1531–1623), a noted Ryukyuan song collection, was mainly written in hiragana. Other than hiragana, they also used [[Suzhou numerals]] (''suuchuuma'' すうちゅうま in Okinawan), derived from China. In [[Yonaguni]] in particular, there was a different writing system, the [[Kaidā glyphs]] (カイダー字 or カイダーディー).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nilab.info/wiki/KaidaJi.html |title=カイダー字: 与那国島にある象形文字。 (KaidaJi - MemoWiki) |publisher=Nilab.info |date= |accessdate=2014-01-01}}</ref><ref>http://ecco.m78.com/download/</ref> Under Japanese influence, all of those numerals became obsolete.
 
Nowadays, perceived as "dialects", Ryukyuan languages are not often written. When they are, [[Japanese writing system|Japanese characters]] are used in an ''ad hoc'' manner. There are no standard orthographies for the modern languages. Sounds not distinguished in the Japanese writing system, such as [[glottal stop]]s, are not properly written.
 
Sometimes local [[Kanji#Kun'yomi (Japanese reading)|''kun'yomi'']] are given to kanji, such as ''agari'' (あがり "east") for [[:Wiktionary:東|東]], ''iri'' (いり "west") for [[:Wiktionary:西|西]], thus 西表 is [[Iriomote-jima|Iriomote]].
 
== Phonology ==
Ryukyuan languages often share many phonological features with Japanese, including a voicing opposition for [[obstruent]]s, CV(C) syllable structure, [[Mora (linguistics)|moraic rhythm]], and [[pitch accent]].<ref name="sp4" /> However, many individual Ryukyuan languages diverge significantly from this pan-Japonic base.<ref name="sp4" /> For instance, Ōgami does not have phonemic voicing in obstruents, allows CCVC syllables, and has unusual syllabic consonants such as {{IPA|/kff/}} {{IPA|[kf̩ː]}} "make".<ref name="sp4" />
 
=== Consonants ===
The Northern Ryukyuan (Amami-Okinawa) languages are notable for having [[glottalic consonant]]s.<ref name="sp5">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=5}}</ref> Phonemically these are analyzed of consisting of a cluster {{IPA|/ʔ/}} + C, where the consonant {{IPA|/ʔ/}} consists of its own mora.<ref name="sp5" /> For instance, in the Amami dialect Yuwan the word {{IPA|/ʔma/}} {{IPA|[ˀma]}} "horse" is bimoraic.<ref name="sp5" /> Tsuken (Central Okinawan) restricts glottalization to glides and the vowels {{IPA|/a i/}}.<ref name="sp5" /> Southern Ryukyuan mostly has little to no glottalization, with some exceptions (e.g. Yonaguni).<ref name="sp5" /> For instance, the Irabu dialect of the Miyako language only allows glottalization with {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/c/}}: {{IPA|/ttjaa/}} {{IPA|[ˀtʲaː]}} "then", {{IPA|/ccir/}} {{IPA|[ˀtɕiɭ]}} "pipe".<ref name="sp5" />
 
Southern Ryukyuan stands out in having a number of syllabic consonants.<ref name="sp5" /> These consonants are contextually nucleic, becoming syllabic when not adjacent to a vowel.<ref name="sp5" /> Examples:
 
Irabu Miyako:
* {{IPA|/nam/}} {{IPA|[nam]}} "wave"
* {{IPA|/mna/}} {{IPA|[mna]}} "shell"
* {{IPA|/mm/}} {{IPA|[mː]}} "potato"
* {{IPA|/pžtu/}} {{IPA|[ps̩tu]}} "man"
* {{IPA|/prrma/}} {{IPA|[pɭːma]}} "daytime"
Ōgami Miyako
* {{IPA|/us/}} {{IPA|[us]}} "cow"
* {{IPA|/ss/}} {{IPA|[sː]}} "dust"
* {{IPA|/kss/}} {{IPA|[ksː]}} "breast"
 
Ōgami even shows a three-way length distinction in fricatives, though across a syllable boundary:<ref name="sp118">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=118}}</ref>
* {{IPA|/fɑɑ/}} {{IPA|[fɑː]}} "child"
* {{IPA|/f.fɑ/}} {{IPA|[fːɑ]}} "grass"
* {{IPA|/ff.fɑ/}} {{IPA|[fːːɑ]}} "comb", "top"
 
Ikema (a Miyako dialect) has a voiceless moraic nasal phoneme {{IPA|/n̥/}}, which always precedes another nasal onset and assimilates its place of articulation to the following nasal.<ref name="sp170">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=170}}</ref>
 
=== Vowels ===
Amami has high and mid central vowels.<ref name="sp5" /> Yonaguni only has three contrasting vowels, {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|/a/}}.
 
=== Suprasegmentals ===
The Ryukyuan languages operate based on the [[mora (linguistics)|mora]].<ref name="sp6">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=6}}</ref> Most Ryukyuan languages require words to be at least bimoraic, thus for example in Hateruma the underlying noun root {{IPA|/si/}} "hand" becomes {{IPA|/siː/}} when it is an independent noun, though it remains as {{IPA|/si/}} when attached to a clitic, e.g. {{IPA|/si&#x3D;nu/}}.<ref name="sp6" /><ref group="nb">In fact, in Irabu Miyako lengthening occurs even before a clitic, thus underlying {{IPA|/ti/}} "hand" becomes {{IPA|/tiː/}} independently and {{IPA|/tiː&#x3D;nu/}} with attached clitic. {{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=6}}</ref> However, the [[syllable]] may still sometimes be relevant—for instance, the Ōgami topic marker takes a different form after open syllables with short vowels:<ref name="sp119">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=119}}</ref>
* "staff" {{IPA|/pɑu + &#x3D;ɑ/}} → {{IPA|/pɑu&#x3D;iɑ/}}
* "vegetable" {{IPA|/suu + &#x3D;ɑ/}} → {{IPA|/suu&#x3D;iɑ/}}
* "person" {{IPA|/pstu + &#x3D;ɑ/}} → {{IPA|/pstɑ&#x3D;ɑ/}}
 
Ryukyuan languages typically have a [[pitch accent]] system where some mora in a word bears the pitch accent.<ref name="sp7">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=7}}</ref> They commonly either have two or three distinctive types of pitch accent which may be applied.<ref name="sp7" /> The category of [[foot (prosody)|foot]] also has relevance to the accentual systems of some Ryukyuan languages, and some Miyako varieties have a cross-linguistically rare system of tonal foot.<ref name="sp7" /> However, Irabu Miyakoan does not have lexical accent.<ref name="sp7" />
 
== Grammar ==
 
=== Morphology ===
 
The Ryukyuan languages consistently distinguish between the [[word class]]es of nouns and verbs, distinguished by the fact that verbs take [[inflectional morphology]].<ref name="sp9" /> Property-concept (adjectival) words are generally [[bound morphemes]].<ref name="sp10">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=10}}</ref> One strategy they use is compounding with a free-standing noun:<ref name="sp10" />
 
Ikema:<ref name="sp10" />
{{block indent|''imi-'' "small" + ''ffa'' "child" → ''imi-ffa'' "small child"}}
Yuwan:<ref name="sp10" />
{{block indent|''kjura-'' "beautiful" + ''ʔkin'' "kimono" → ''kjura-gin'' "beautiful kimono"}}
 
Compounding is found in both Northern and Southern Ryukyuan, but is mostly absent from Hateruma (Yaeyama).<ref name="sp10" />
 
Another way property stems are used is by verbalization:<ref name="sp10" />
 
Yuwan Amami:<ref name="sp52">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=52}}</ref>
{| style="margin-left:3em !important"
| ''an''
| ''kɨɨ=ja''
| ''taa-sar-oo''
|-
| that
| tree={{smallcaps|top}}
| tall-{{smallcaps|vlz-supp}}
|-
| colspan="3" | "That tree is supposed to be tall."
|}
 
Dokumen-dokumen resmi Ryukyu dahulu ditulis dalam [[bahasa Cina]] klasik. Bagi seseorang yang menguasai di bahasa Cina modern, membaca dokumen-dokumen tersebut atau tulisan-tulisan pada batu nisan Ryukyu tidaklah terlalu sulit. Pengaruh bahasa Jepang modern terhadap rumpun bahasa Ryukyu baru terjadi pada sekitar 130 tahun terakhir, yaitu sejak terjadinya aneksasi Ryukyu menjadi bagian dari Prefektur Okinawa dan masuknya sistem pendidikan umum nasional Jepang.
Miyako is unique in having stand-alone adjectives.<ref name="sp10" /> These may be formed by reduplication of the root, e.g. Irabu Miyako ''imi-'' "small" → ''imii-imi'' "small (adj.)".<ref name="sp11">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=11}}</ref> They may also be compounded with a grammaticalized noun ''munu'' "thing", e.g. Irabu ''imi-munu'' 'small (thing)'.<ref name="sp10" />
 
=== SyntaxReferensi ===
{{reflist}}
Ryukyuan languages are generally [[subject-object-verb|SOV]], [[dependent-marking]], modifier-head, [[nominative-accusative]] languages.<ref name="sp8">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=8}}</ref> They are also [[pro-drop]] languages.<ref name="sp8" /> All of these features are shared with the Japanese language.<ref name="sp8" />
 
== Bacaan lanjutan ==
In many Ryukyuan languages, the nominative and genitive are marked identically, a system also found, for example, in [[Austronesian languages]].<ref name="sp8" /> However, Ryukyuan has the unusual feature that these markers vary based on an [[animacy hierarchy]].<ref name="sp9">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=9}}</ref> Typically there are two markers of the form ''=ga'' and ''=nu'', which are distinguished based on animacy and definiteness.<ref name="sp9" /> In Yuwan Amami, for instance, the nominative is marked with ''=ga''/''=nu'' and the genitive by ''=ga''/''=nu''/''=Ø'' based on the following hierarchy:<ref name="sp9" />
* Ashworth, D. E. (1975). ''A generative study of the inflectional morphophonemics of the Shuri dialect of Ryukyuan''. Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University, 1973.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Yuwan Amami nominative marker
! human pronouns !! demonstratives !! elder kinship terms !! other nouns
|-
| colspan="3" | ''=ga''
| ''=nu''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Yuwan Amami genitive marker
! human pronouns, adnominal !! demonstratives !! human names !! elder kinship terms !! other nouns
|-
| colspan="2" | ''=ga''
| colspan="2" | ''=Ø''
| ''=nu''
|}
 
In the Miyako varieties, the object in a dependent clause of clause-chaining constructions has a special marker, homophonous to a topic marker.<ref name="sp9" /> This might even be interpreted as another function of the topic marker.<ref name="sp9" />
 
Hateruma Yaeyama stands out in that it is a [[zero-marking language]], where word order rather than case marking is important:<ref name="sp8" />
{| style="margin-left:3em !important"
| ''pïtu=Ø'' || ''budur-ja-ta-n''
|-
| style="padding-right:0.5em" | person={{smallcaps|core}} || dance-{{smallcaps|prf-past-rls}}
|-
| colspan="2" | "People danced."
|}
{| style="margin-left:3em !important; width:auto"
| ''aboa=Ø'' || ''ija=Ø'' || ''mir-i'' || ''bir-ja-ta-n''
|-
| style="padding-right:0.5em" | mother={{smallcaps|ore}} || style="padding-right:0.5em" | father={{smallcaps|core}} || style="padding-right:0.5em" | look={{smallcaps|med}} || {{smallcaps|prog-prf-past-rls}}
|-
| colspan="4" | "(My) mother was looking at (my) father."
|}
 
The Ryukyuan languages mark both [[topic (linguistics)|topic]] and [[focus (linguistics)|focus]] grammatically.<ref name="sp11" /> The typical form of the topic marker is ''=(j)a'', or in Southern Ryukyuan ''=ba''; the typical focus marker is ''=du''.<ref name="sp11" /> In some Ryukyuan languages there are many focus markers with different functions; for instance, Irabu has ''=du'' in declarative clauses, ''=ru'' in yes-no interrogative clauses, and ''=ga'' in wh-interrogative clauses.<ref name="sp11" /> The focus markers trigger a special verbal inflection—this typologically unusual focus construction, known as ''kakari-musubi'', was also found in [[Old Japanese]], but has been lost in Modern Japanese.<ref name="sp11" />
 
Examples from Yuwan Amami:<ref name="sp75">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=75}}</ref>
{| style="margin-left:3em !important"
| ''kurɨ=ba=du'' || ''jum-ju-i''
|-
| style="padding-right:0.5em" | this={{smallcaps|acc-foc}} || style="padding-right:0.5em" | read={{smallcaps|ipfv-npst}}
|-
| colspan="2" | "(I) read this."
|}
{| style="margin-left:3em !important"
| style="padding-right:0.5em" | ''uroo'' || style="padding-right:0.5em" | ''kun'' || style="padding-right:0.5em" | ''hon=ba=du'' || ''jum-jur-ui?''
|-
| style="padding-right:0.5em" | {{smallcaps|2sg.nhon}} || style="padding-right:0.5em" | this || style="padding-right:0.5em" | book={{smallcaps|acc-foc}} || read={{smallcaps|ipfv-foc.ynq}}
|-
| colspan="4" | "Will you read this book?" (yes-no question)
|}
{| style="margin-left:3em !important"
| ''uroo'' || ''nuu=ba=ga'' || ''jum-jur-u?''
|-
| style="padding-right:0.5em" | {{smallcaps|2sg.nhon.top}} || style="padding-right:0.5em" | what={{smallcaps|acc-foc}} || read={{smallcaps|ipfv-foc.whq}}
|-
| colspan="3" | "What will you read?" (wh-question)
|}
 
While in many Japonic languages this special inflection is often identical to the verbal inflection in relative clauses, in Yuwan Amami is different (the relative inflection is ''-n/-tan'').<ref name="sp75" /> There is some variation among the Ryukyuan languages as to the form of kakari-musubi—for example, in Irabu Miyako a focus marker blocks a specific verb form, rather than triggering a special inflection.<ref name="sp12">{{Harvcoltxt|Shimoji|Pellard|2010|p=12}}</ref>
 
== See also ==
* [[Ryuka]]
 
== Notes ==
{{reflist|group="nb"}}
 
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
 
== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book
|editor1-last=Shimoji
|editor1-first=Michinori
|editor2-last=Pellard
|editor2-first=Thomas
|year=2010
|title=An Introduction to Ryukyuan languages
|publisher=ILCAA
|place=Tokyo
|url=http://lingdy.aacore.jp/jp/material/An_introduction_to_Ryukyuan_languages.pdf
|isbn=9784863370722
|accessdate=August 21, 2012
|ref=harv
}}
* {{Cite conference
|last = Sugita
|first = Yuko
|year = 2007
|title = Language revitalization or language fossilization? Some suggestions for language documentation from the viewpoint of interactional linguistics
|conference = Proceedings of Conference on Language Documentation and Linguistic Theory
|publisher = SOAS
|location = London
|url = http://www.hrelp.org/eprints/ldlt_28.pdf
|accessdate = December 19, 2009
|isbn=978-0-7286-0382-0
|ref=harv
}}
* {{Cite journal
|last=Takara
|first=Ben
|year=2010
|title=On Reclaiming a Ryukyuan Culture
|publisher=IMADR
|journal=Connect
|volume=10
|issue=4
|date=February 2007
|place=Irifune
|url=http://www.imadr.org/en/pdf/TakaraBen.pdf
|accessdate=August 21, 2012
|ref=harv
}}
{{refend}}
 
== Further reading ==
* Sanseido (1997). ''言語学大辞典セレクション：日本列島の言語'' (''Selection from the Encyclopædia of Linguistics: The Languages of the Japanese Archipelago''). "琉球列島の言語" (''The Languages of the Ryukyu Islands'').
* Ashworth, D. E. (1975). ''A generative study of the inflectional morphophonemics of the Shuri dialect of Ryukyuan''. Thesis (Ph. D.)—Cornell University, 1973.
* Heinrich, Patrick (2004): ''Language Planning and Language Ideology in the Ryūkyū Islands'', in: Language Policy 3.2, (2004): 153-179.
* Heinrich, Patrick, Shinsho Miyara, Michinori Shimoji, eds. 2014. ''Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages.'' Berlin: de Gruyter.
* Serafim, L. A. (1985). Shodon: the prehistory of a Northern Ryukyuan dialect of Japanese. [S.l: s.n.
* Shimabukuro, Moriyo. 2007. ''The accentual history of the Japanese and Ryukyuan languages: a reconstruction''. Languages of Asia series, v. 2. Folkestone, Kent: [[Global Oriental]]. {{ISBN| 978-1-901903-63-8}}
* Uemura, Yukio, and Wayne P. Lawrence. 2003. ''The Ryukyuan language.'' Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim (Series), A4-018. Osaka, Japan: ELPR.
 
== ExternalPranala linksluar ==
* {{ja}} [http://ryukyu-lang.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/intro/abs.html Informasi tambahan dari perpustakaan Bahasa Ryukyu]
{{commons category|Ryukyuan languages}}
 
* [http://ryukyu-lang.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/index.html Ryukyuan language phonetic database]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ryukyu, Bahasa}}
* [http://www.pref.okinawa.jp/site/bunka-sports/bunka/documents/simakutuba.html Documents about Shima kutuba], Okinawa Prefecture
* [http://hougen-gakushu.net/index.html What is a dialect?], Amami Culture Foundation
* [http://www.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/iha/index.html 伊波普猷文庫目録]
* [http://manwe.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/seizen 仲宗根政善言語資料]
* [http://www.haisai.co.jp/welcome.htm うちなあぐち]
{{Japanese language}}
{{Languages of Japan}}
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Kategori:Kepulauan Ryukyu]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ryukyuan Languages}}
[[Kategori:LanguagesBahasa of JapanRyukyu]]
[[Kategori:Ryukyuan languages]]
[[Kategori:Ryukyu Islands]]
[[Kategori:Culture in Okinawa Prefecture]]
Diperoleh dari "https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Ryukyu"