Tibet (1912–1951): Perbedaan antara revisi

Era sejarah '''Tibet dari tahun 1912 hingga 1951''' setelah runtuhnya [[Dinasti Qing]] pada tahun 1912, dan berlangsung hingga [[Penggabungan Tibet ke dalam Republik Rakyat Tiongkok|penggabungan Tibet]] oleh [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]]. Rezim [[Ganden Phodrang]] Tibet merupakan [[Tibet di bawah kekuasaan Qing|Protektorat Qing]]<ref>[https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=KMQeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA528&dq=%22Tibet%22+%22Protectorate%22+of+the+Qing&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwin7ZmUmOjSAhXKurwKHdqoCswQ6AEIVTAH#v=onepage&q=%22Tibet%22%20%22Protectorate%22%20of%20the%20Qing&f=false Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=02Hjr6RUckwC&pg=PA73&dq=%22Tibet%22+%22Protectorate%22+of+the+Qing&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwin7ZmUmOjSAhXKurwKHdqoCswQ6AEILTAC#v=onepage&q=%22Tibet%22%20%22Protectorate%22%20of%20the%20Qing&f=false Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=v7G2AAAAIAAJ&q=%22%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%22+%22%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%8B%22+%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B+%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%9C%8B&dq=%22%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%22+%22%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%8B%22+%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B+%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%9C%8B&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiP2ODu_ufSAhWFwrwKHfJtDeYQ6AEIKDAC Jin ri you zheng, 第 469～480 号]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=qXhOAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%22+%22%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%8B%22&dq=%22%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%22+%22%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%8B%22&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjF346A_efSAhWEEbwKHQNTBzUQ6AEI8AQwYw Bian jiang wen hua lun ji: Papers on China's border region cultures]</ref> hingga tahun 1912,<ref>Ram Rahul, [https://books.google.fr/books?id=GXgkHBRRKd4C&pg=PA42&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Central Asia: an outline history''], New Delhi, Concept Publishing Company, 1997, {{p.|42}} : "From then [1720] until the fall of the Manchu dynasty in 1912, the Manchu Ch'ing government stationed an Amban, a Manchu mandarin, and a military escort in Tibet."</ref><ref>Barry Sautman, Tibet’s Putative Statehood and International Law, in ''Chinese Journal of International Law'', Vol. 9, Issue 1, 2010, p. 127-142: "Through its Lifan Yuan (Office of Border Affairs [...]), the Chinese government handled Tibet's foreign and many of its domestic affairs. During the Qing, Tibet hosted imperial troops and border patrols, and the imperial court appointed Tibetan officials. The Lifan Yuan [...] ratified the Dalai and Panchen Lamas, created joint rule by aristocrats and high lamas and elevated the Dalai Lama above the nobles. From 1728, the [...] amban handled Tibet's foreign and military affairs. From 1793, the amban had the right to identify the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama [...]. Monastic finances were under imperial control [...]. Central-western Tibet was thus an administered territory of China under the Qing. In 1724, eastern Tibet was incorporated into existing Chinese provinces."</ref> ketika [[Pemerintahan Sementara Republik Tiongkok (1912)|Pemerintahan Sementara Republik Tiongkok]] menggantikan Dinasti Qing sebagai pemerintah Tiongkok, dan menandatangani sebuah traktat dengan pemerintah Qing yang mewarisi seluruh wilayah dari dinasti sebelumnya ke dalam [[Republik Tiongkok (1912–1949)|republik baru]], memberikan [[Tibet]] status sebagai "[[Protektorat]]"<ref>[https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=DmVz_FRmrc8C&pg=PA65&dq=%22Republic+of+China%22+protectorate+tibet&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiX0tKRmujSAhVENrwKHSx-DWAQ6AEINDAD#v=onepage&q=%22Republic%20of%20China%22%20protectorate%20tibet&f=false The Missing Girls and Women of China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: A Sociological]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=iB0oCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA230&dq=%22Republic+of+China%22+protectorate+tibet&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiX0tKRmujSAhVENrwKHSx-DWAQ6AEIRDAF#v=onepage&q=%22Republic%20of%20China%22%20protectorate%20tibet&f=false Ethnic China: Identity, Assimilation, and Resistance]</ref> dengan tingkat [[otonomi]] tinggi seperti pada saaat menjadi Protektorat di bawah dinasti tersebut. Pada saat yang sama, Tibet juga merupakan [[Traktat Lhasa|Protektorat Britania]].<ref>[https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=SXc2AQAAIAAJ&q=%22%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%22+%22%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%8B%22+%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B+%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%9C%8B&dq=%22%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%22+%22%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%8B%22+%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B+%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%9C%8B&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiP2ODu_ufSAhWFwrwKHfJtDeYQ6AEILjAD 西藏硏究論文集, 第 2 号-西藏研究委員會]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=C_TOrK4SYiQC&pg=PA48&dq=British+government%27s+protectorate+tibet&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiR1uLJmejSAhWIXbwKHSQ5Do8Q6AEIQTAF#v=onepage&q=British%20government's%20protectorate%20tibet&f=false Lamas, Shamans and Ancestors: Village Religion in Sikkim]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=ak3SQTVS7acC&pg=PA84&dq=%22Tibet%22+%22Protectorate%22+of+the+Qing&hl=ja&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwin7ZmUmOjSAhXKurwKHdqoCswQ6AEIXTAI#v=onepage&q=%22Tibet%22%20%22Protectorate%22%20of%20the%20Qing&f=false The Historical Status of China's Tibet]</ref> Namun pada saat yang sama, beberapa perwakilan pemerintah Tibet menandatangani sebuah [[Pakta persahabatan dan persekutuan antara Pemerintahan Mongolia dan Tibet|pakta antara Tibet dan Mongolia]] memproklamasikan pengakuan timbal balik dan kemerdekaan mereka dari Tiongkok, meskipun [[Pemerintah Republik Tiongkok]] tidak mengakui legitimasinya. Dengan tingkat otonomi yang tinggi dan "memproklamasikan kemerdekaan" oleh beberapa perwakilan pemerintah Tibet, periode Tibet ini sering digambarkan sebagai "kemerdekaan [[de facto]]", terutama oleh beberapa pendukung [[gerakan kemerdekaan Tibet]], meskipun kebanyakan negara di dunia, serta [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Decolonization_-_World_In_1945_en.svg|title=English: Map was used to show the progress of the UN's decolonization efforts.|first=United Nations Department of Field Support, Cartographic|last=Section|date=1 May 2010|publisher=|via=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref> mengakui Tibet sebagai bagian dari [[Republik Tiongkok|Republik Tiongkok]].