Jalur Barat Laut: Perbedaan antara revisi

Berbagai pulau di [[kepulauan]] [[Kanada]] dipisahkan satu sama lain oleh serangkaian perairan [[Arktika]] yang secara kolektif dikenal sebagai '''Jalur Barat Laut''' atau Lintasan Barat Laut.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://ioc.unesco.org/oceanteacher/OceanTeacher2/06_OcDtaMgtProc/01_DataOps/06_OcDtaForm/01_OcDtaFormFunda/01_Codes/PreviousIHOandOther.htm|title=IHO Codes for Oceans & Seas, and Other Code Systems: IHO 23-3rd: Limits of Oceans and Seas, Special Publication 23|publisher=International Hydrographic Organization|year=1953|edition=3rd|ref=harv}}</ref>

Selama berabad-abad, penjelajah Eropa mencari jalan yang bisa dilalui sebagai jalur perdagangan yang memungkinkannya ke Asia. Jalur utara yang dibatasi es ditemukan pada tahun 1850 oleh penjelajah Irlandia [[Robert McClure]]; Namun, harus melewati kawasan pembukaan yang lebih ke arah selatan; yang sedang dieksplorasi oleh penjelajah Skotlandia, [[John Rae]] di tahun 1854. [[Roald Amundsen]], seorang warga kebangsaan Norwegia membuat lintasan lengkap pertama di tahun 1903-1906. Hingga tahun 2009, [[paket es Arktik|Paket Es Arktik]] mencegah [[Transportasi air|pelayaran laut]] di sepanjang tahun tersebut. [[Penurunan es laut Arktik]] membuat perairan tersebut lebih mudah dinavigasi, dalam hal ini adalah navigasi es.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/11/30/the_top_10_stories_you_missed_in_2009|title=The Top 10 Stories You Missed in 2009: A few ways the world changed while you weren’t looking|last=Keating|first=Joshua E.|date=December 2009|publisher=[[Foreign Policy]]|ref=harv}}</ref>

Klaim kedaulatan atas wilayah perairan dapat mempersulit proses pengiriman melalui wilayah ini di masa depan. Pemerintah Kanada berpendapat bahwa Lintasan Barat Laut adalah bagian dari [[Perairan Internal Kanada|Perairan Dalam Kanada]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tc.gc.ca/marinesafety%5CTP%5CTP14202%5Cinterpretation.htm|title=TP 14202 E Interpretation|publisher=Transport Canada|ref=harv}}</ref> tetapi [[Amerika Serikat]] dan berbagai negara [[Eropa]] mengklaim bahwa lintasan tersebut merupakan selat internasional atau jalur transit, yang merupakan jalur bebas bagi siapa saja.<ref name="paprl1">{{Cite web|url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/content/lop/researchpublications/prb0561-e.htm|title=The Northwest Passage and Climate Change from the Library of Parliament—Canadian Arctic Sovereignty|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="icefreearctic">{{Cite web|url=http://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/star/documents/2007IceSymp/FinalArcticReport_2001.pdf|title=Naval Operations in an ice-free Arctic|ref=harv}}</ref> Telah diketahui bahwa di ujung timur lintasan ini memiliki kedalaman hampir 15 meter (49 kaki),<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.steelguru.com/international_news/No_to_shipping_ore_through_Northwest_Passage_Baffinland_CEO/327008.html|title=No to shipping ore through Northwest Passage – Baffinland CEO|date=2013-10-20|publisher=Steel Guru|quote=The head of a Canadian mining company developing a massive mineral deposit within the Arctic Circle said the Northwest Passage won’t work as a viable shipping route to Europe and Asia.|access-date=2013-10-21|ref=harv}}

{{multiple image|width=320|footer=Jalur Barat Laut semakin terbebas dari es.|image1=Northwest Passage 09-08-13.jpg|alt1=9 Agustus 2013|caption1=9 Agustus 2013|image2=A Nearly Ice-Free Northwest Passage vir 2016222 lrg.jpg|alt2=9 Agustus 2016|caption2=9 Agustus 2016|ref=harv}}Jalur Barat Laut mencakup tiga bagian:

* {{cite book|author=Berton, Pierre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSZNbf6z5jcC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Arctic%20Grail%20The%20Quest%20for%20the%20North%20West%20Passage%20and%20the%20North%20Pole&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true|title= The Arctic Grail The Quest for the North West Passage and the North Pole, 1818–1909|location= New York|publisher= Viking|date= 1988|isbn= 0-670-82491-7|ref=harv}}

* {{cite news|author=Day, Alan Edwin|title= Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Northwest Passage|work= Historical Dictionaries of Discovery and Exploration|number= 3|location= Lanham, Md|publisher= Scarecrow Press|date= 2006|isbn= 0-8108-5486-4|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|author=Griffiths, Franklyn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDA3XNEiCH4C&lpg=PP1&dq=Politics%20of%20the%20Northwest%20Passage&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true |title=Politics of the Northwest Passage|location= Kingston|publisher= McGill-Queen's University Press|date= 1987|isbn= 0-7735-0613-6|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|author=Huntford, Roland|title=Two Planks and a Passion: The Dramatic History of Skiing|location= London|publisher= Continuum Books|date= 2009|isbn= 978-1-84725-236-4|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|author=Waterman, Jonathan|title=Arctic Crossing A Journey Through the Northwest Passage and Inuit Culture|location= New York|publisher= Knopf|date= 2001|isbn=0-375-40409-0|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|author=Williams, Glyndwr|title=Voyages of Delusion The Quest for the Northwest Passage|location= New Haven|publisher= Yale University Press|date= 2003|isbn= 0-300-09866-9|ref=harv}}

* {{Cite book|title=Fury Beach: The Four-Year Odyssey of Captain John Ross and the Victory|last=Edinger, Ray|date=2003|publisher=Berkley|isbn=0-425-18845-0|location=New York|ref=harv}}

* {{Cite book|title=Narratives of Voyages Towards the North-West: In Search of a Passage to Cathay and India, 1496–1631|last=Hakluyt Society|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1108008020|orig-year=1849|ref=harv}}

* {{Cite book|title=In Quest of the Northwest Passage|last=Neatby, Leslie H.|date=1958|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co.|location=Toronto, Ontario|pages=194|ref=harv}} Illustrated with black&white photos and reproductions and with maps (some fold to open out).

* {{Cite book|title=Shipping in Arctic Waters: A Comparison of the Northeast, Northwest and Trans Polar Passages|last=Østreng|first=Willy|last2=Eger|first2=Karl Magnus|last3=Fløistad|first3=Brit|last4=Jørgensen-Dahl|first4=Arnfinn|last5=Lothe|first5=Lars|last6=Mejlænder-Larsen|first6=Morten|last7=Wergeland|first7=Tor|date=2013|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3642167898|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16790-4|ref=harv}}