Rumpun bahasa Ryukyu: Perbedaan antara revisi

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan
Baris 15:
[[File:Billboards in Okinawan.jpg|thumb|Traffic safety slogan signs in [[Kin, Okinawa]], written in Japanese (center) and Okinawan (left and right).]]
 
The {{nihongo|'''RyukyuanRumpun bahasa languagesRyukyu'''|琉球語派|Ryūkyū-goha|also {{nihongo2|琉球諸語}} ''Ryūkyū-shogo'' oratau {{nihongo2|しまくとぅば}} ''Shima kutuba'' "IslandBahasa LanguagesKepulauan"}} areadalah thebahasa indigenous languages of theasli [[RyukyuKepulauan IslandsRyukyu]], thebagian southernmostpaling part of theselatan [[Japanesekepulauan archipelagoJepang]]. AlongSeiring with thedengan [[Japanesebahasa languageJepang]], theymereka makemembentuk upkeluarga the [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] languagebahasa familyJaponik. AlthoughMeskipun thebahasa Ryukyuan languageskadang-kadang havedianggap sometimessebagai beendialek consideredbahasa toJepang, bebahasa dialectsRyukyuan oftidak Japanese,dapat theydipahami aredengan notbahasa mutuallyJepang intelligibleatau withbahkan Japanesesatu orsama evenlain. withTidak eachdiketahui other.berapa Itbanyak ispenutur notbahasa knownini howyang manytetap speakersada, ofnamun thesepergeseran languagesbahasa remain,terhadap butpenggunaan [[languageBahasa Jepang|Bahasa Standar shiftJepang]] towardsdan thedialek use ofseperti [[Standardbahasa JapaneseJepang Okinawa]] andtelah dialectsmengakibatkan bahasa-bahasa likeini terancam; [[OkinawanOrganisasi Japanese]]Pendidikan, hasKeilmuan, resulteddan inKebudayaan these languages becoming [[endangered languagePBB|endangered]]; [[UNESCO]] labelsmengelompokkan fourempat ofbahasa the"yang languagesbenar-benar terancam"definitely endangered",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1975.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1974.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1973.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1976.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref> anddan twodua otherslainnya "criticallysangat endangeredterancam".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1971.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1972.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-16}}</ref>
 
==OverviewIkhtisar==
PhonologicallySecara fonologis, thebahasa Ryukyuan languagesmemiliki beberapa fitur haveyang sometidak cross-linguisticallybiasa unusualsecara featureslinguistik. SouthernBahasa Ryukyuan languagesSelatan havememiliki a number ofsejumlah [[syllabickonsonan consonantsilabik]]s, includingtermasuk unvoicedfrafatif syllabicsilabus fricativestak bersuara (e.g.misalnya Ōgami [[Bahasa Miyako language|Miyako]] {{IPA|/kss/}} {{IPA|[ksː]}} 'breastdada'). [[GlottalKonsonan consonant|Glottalized consonantsglottal]] arebiasa commonterjadi (e.g.misalnya Yuwan [[Bahasa Amami language|Amami]] {{IPA|/ʔma/}} {{IPA|[ˀma]}} "horsekuda"). SomeBeberapa bahasa Ryukyuan languagesmemiliki havevokal phonemicklasik central vowelsfonemik, e.gmis. Yuwan Amami {{IPA|/kɨɨ/}} "treepohon". Ikema Miyako hasmemiliki a [[voicelessfonem nasal]] phonemetanpa suara {{IPA|/n̥/}}. ManyBanyak bahasa Ryukyuan languages, likeseperti Standardbahasa JapaneseJepang andStandar mostdan Japanesekebanyakan dialectsdialek Jepang, havememiliki contrastiveaksen [[pitchnada accent]]kontras.
 
Bahasa Ryukyuan umumnya berpola [[Subjek–objek–predikat|SOP]], penandaan dependen, modifikator, bahasa nominatif-akusatif, seperti bahasa Jepang. Kata sifat umumnya terikat morfem, terjadi baik dengan kata benda majemuk atau menggunakan verbalisasi. Banyak bahasa Ryukyuan menandai nominatif dan genitif dengan penanda yang sama. Penanda ini memiliki fitur bentuk perubahan yang tidak biasa tergantung pada hierarki animasi. Bahasa Ryukyuan memiliki penanda topik dan fokus, yang mungkin berbentuk berbeda tergantung konteks sentensial. Ryukyuan juga mempertahankan infleksi verbal khusus untuk klausa dengan spidol fokus—fitur yang tidak biasa ini juga ditemukan dalam bahasa Jepang Kuno, namun hilang dalam bahasa Jepang Modern.
Ryukyuan languages are generally [[subject-object-verb|SOV]], [[dependent-marking]], modifier-head, [[nominative-accusative]] languages, like the Japanese language. Adjectives are generally [[bound morphemes]], occurring either with noun compounding or using verbalization. Many Ryukyuan languages mark both nominatives and genitives with the same marker. This marker has the unusual feature of changing form depending on an [[animacy hierarchy]]. The Ryukyuan languages have [[topic (linguistics)|topic]] and [[focus (linguistics)|focus]] markers, which may take different forms depending on the sentential context. Ryukyuan also preserves a special verbal inflection for clauses with focus markers—this unusual feature was also found in [[Old Japanese]], but lost in Modern Japanese.
 
==Classification and varieties==