Skanderbeg: Perbedaan antara revisi

 

'''George Kastrioti''' (Gjergj Kastrioti) ([[1405]] - [[17 Januari]] [[1468]]), yang lebih dikenal sebagai '''Skanderbeg''', adalah tokoh yang paling terkemuka dalam sejarah [[Albania]]. Ia juga dikenal sebagai Naga Albania<ref name="EB1911">{{1911}}</ref> dan merupakan pahlawan nasional bangsa Albania. Ia dikenang terutama karena perjuangannya melawan [[Kerajaan Ottoman]], melalui karya penulis biografinya yang pertama, [[Marin Barleti]]<ref name="barleti">[[Marin Barleti]], 1508, ''Historia de vita et gestis Scanderbegi Epirotarum principis'', [http://libraries.theeuropeanlibrary.org/Albania/Treasures/treasure01.xml theeuropeanlibrary.org]</ref>.

 

=== Melayani dalam Tentara Ottoman ===

Skanderbeg yang dilahirkan di [[Krujë]], adalah keturunan dari keluarga Kastriotis, yang merupakan salah satu keluarga utama dari apa yang dulu dikenal sebagai Arberia (kini Albania).

 

===Fighting for freedom ===

[[Image:Castle Krija Albania 2004-07-08.jpg|thumb|right|235px|What remains of the castle in [[Krujë]]]]

 

Following the capture of Krujë, Skanderbeg managed to bring together all the Albanian princes in the town of [[Lezhë]]<ref name="jensen">Minna Skafte Jensen, 2006, ''[http://miqesia.dk/Barleti-Scanderbeg.htm A Heroic Tale: Marin Barleti's Scanderbeg between orality and literacy]''</ref> (see [[League of Lezhë]], [[1444]]). Gibbon<ref name="gibbon" /> reports that

Skanderbeg fought a [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]] against the opposing armies by using the mountainous terrain to his advantage. Skanderbeg continued his resistance against the Ottoman forces, with a force rarely exceeding 20,000.

 

In [[1461]] the Sultan proposed<ref name="Tennent1845" /> terms of accommodation with Skanderbeg and a peace was concluded between them on June 22. In the same year, Skanderbeg launched a successful campaign<ref name="jensen" /> against the [[Angevin]] noblemen and their allies who sought to destabilize King [[Ferdinand I of Naples]]. For his services<ref name="cwe1876" /> he gained the title '''Duke of San Pietro''' in the kingdom of Naples. After securing the Neapolitan kingdom, a crucial ally in his struggle, he returned home. In [[1464]] Skanderbeg fought and defeated [[Ballaban Badera]], an Albanian renegade who had captured a large number of Albanian army commanders <ref name="musachi">John Musachi, 1515, ''[http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts/AH11.html Brief Chronicle on the Descendants of our Musachi Dynasty]''</ref>, including [[Moisi Arianit Golemi]], a cavalry commander; [[Vladan Giurica]], the chief army economist (maybe quartermaster? ) [[Muzaka of Angelina]], a nephew of Skanderbeg, and 18 other noblemen and army captains. These men, after they were captured, were sent immediately to [[Istanbul]] and tortured for fifteen days<ref name="musachi" />. Skanderbeg’s pleas to have these men back, by either ransom or prisoner exchange, failed.

 

 

A few months later in [[1467]], Mehmed, frustrated by his inability to subdue Albania, again led the largest army of its time into Albania. Krujë was besieged for a third time, but on a much grander scale. While a contingent kept the city and its forces pinned down, Ottoman armies came pouring in from [[Bosnia Province, Ottoman Empire|Bosnia]], [[Serbia]], [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], and [[Greece]] with the aim of keeping the whole country surrounded, thereby strangling Skanderbeg’s supply routes and limiting his mobility. During this conflict, Skanderbeg fell ill with [[malaria]] in the Venetian-controlled city of Lezhë, and died on [[January 17]] [[1468]], just as the army under the leadership of [[Leke Dukagjini]] defeated the Ottoman force in [[Shkodër]].

 

==Descendants==

 

An illegitimate branch of that family lives onwards in south Italy, having used the name '''Castriota Scanderbeg''' for centuries. They have been part of [[Italy|Italian]] lower [[nobility]]. The legitimate line of George Castriota went extinct as to males within a few generations, but apparently the family continues through a Sanseverino branch. There is also a [[Spain|Spanish]] nobleman by the name of [[Juan Alandro Castriota]] who contributed a great deal towards Albania's struggle for independence {{fact}}.

Books on the Albanian prince began to appear in Western Europe in the early 16th century. One of the earliest of these histories to have circulated in Western Europe about the heroic deeds of Skanderbeg was the ''Historia de vita et gestis Scanderbegi, Epirotarum Princeps'' (Rome ca. 1508-1510), published a mere four decades after Skanderbeg's death. This: ''History of the life and deeds of Scanderbeg, Prince of the Epirotes'' was written by the Albanian historian Marinus Barletius Scodrensis (ca. 1450 - ca. 1512), known in Albanian as [[Marin Barleti]]<ref name="barleti" />, who after experiencing the Turkish occupation of his native Shkodër at first hand, settled in [[Padua]] where he became rector of the parish church of [[St. Stephan]].

Barleti dedicates<ref name="jensen" /> his work to Donferrante Kastrioti, Scanderbeg's grandchild and to the next generations.

 

The work was widely read in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and was translated and/or adapted into a number of foreign language versions: [[German language|German]] by [[Johann Pincianus]] (Augsburg, 1533), [[Italian language|Italian]] by [[Pietro Rocca]] ([[Venice]], 1554, 1560), Portuguese by Francisco D'Andrade (Lisbon, 1567), Polish by Ciprian Bazylik (Brest-Litovsk, 1569), [[French language|French]] by [[Jaques De Lavardin]], also known as Jacques de Lavardin, Seigneur du Plessis-Bourrot (''"Histoire de Georges Castriot Surnomé Scanderbeg, Roy d'Albanie"'', Paris, 1576), and Spanish by [[Juan Ochoa de la Salde]] (Seville, 1582). The English version, translated from the French of Jaques De Lavardin by one Zachary Jones Gentleman, was published at the end of the 16th century under the title, ''Historie of George Castriot, surnamed Scanderbeg, King of Albinie; containing his Famous Actes, his Noble Deedes of Armes and Memorable Victories against the Turkes for the Faith of Christ''.

* [http://www.illyriaentertainment.com/scanderbeg.htm Scanderbeg: Warrior-King of Albania] - trailer dokumenter

 

 

[[als:Skanderbeg]]