José Figueres Ferrer: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''José María Hipólito Figueres Ferrer''' ([[25 September]] [[1906]]
Pada masa jabatannya yang pertama, ia menghapuskan [[Militer Kosta Rika|tentara]] negara itu, menasionalisasi sektor perbankannya, dan memberikan hak pilih kepada kaum perempuan.
== Masa muda ==
Figueres dilahirkan pada 25 September 1906 di Kosta Rika. Lokasinya penting, menurut penulis biografinya yang terbaik, karena orangtuanya berasal dari sebuah tempat yang membuat kebanyakan rakyat Kosta Rika iri, dan ia dilahirkan dalam sebuah bangsa yang menjunjung tinggi latar belakang Spanyolnya yang tanpa cacat. Figueres adalah anak sulung dari empat anak seorang dokter Catalan Spanyol dan istrinya, seorang guru. yang baru saja berimigrasi dari Spanyol ke [[San Ramon]] di Kosta Rika bagian tengah-barat.
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"Your hands are not clean to fight communism when you don't fight dictatorships," Figueres told American interviewers in 1951. "It seems that the United States is not interested in honest government down here, as long as a government is not communist and pays lip service to democracy."<sup id="fn_6_back">[[#fn 6|6]]</sup> -->
== Mandat pertama ''(1953-1958)'' ==
<!--In 1953 Figueres created the Partido de Liberacion Nacional (PLN), the most successful party in Costa Rican political history, and was returned to power in the 1953.<sup id="fn_4_back">[[#fn 4|4]], </sup> <sup id="fn_10_back">[[#fn 10|10]]</sup> He has been considered to be the most important political figure in Costa Rica's history.
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On May 30, Trujillo was ambushed and assassinated. The same "action group" with whom the CIA had been in contact and to whom it had delivered pistols and carbines carried out the attack. According to the 1975 report of the [[Church Committee]], there was "no direct evidence" that CIA weapons had been used in the assassinations and the effect of the Bosch-Ornes pact upon the events that transpired remains a matter for speculation. Nonetheless, the CIA described its role in "changing" the government of the [[Dominican Republic]] "as a 'success' in that it assisted in moving the [[Dominican Republic]] from a totalitarian dictatorship to a Western-style democracy." Bosch himself was elected president of the Dominican Republic. [[Sacha Volman]] followed him there, establishing a new "research and publication center" and taking with him the CIA funding that used to go to Figueres in Costa Rica. Though one cannot prove that there was a coordinated link between the external and internal opposition groups, [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKmeyerC.htm Cord Meyer] was in a position to know what both elements were doing.<sup id="fn_11_back">[[#fn 1|11]]</sup> -->
== Dukungan Fidel Castro ==
<!--Mr. Figueres also opposed the dictatorial regime in pre-Castro Cuba and went so far as to dispatch a planeload of weapons for Cuban insurgents led by the young Fidel Castro, a member of [[Caribbean Legion]]. But soon after the 1959 success of the Castro revolution, he and Mr. Figueres had a falling out over the growth of Communist influence on the island.<sup id="fn_4_back">[[#fn 4|4]]</sup> In March, 1959, Figueres was invited to Havana, and during a public speech, he warned Castro about the ideological deviations he had observed in Cuba, and immediately the microphone was taken from him. Figueres supported John F. Kennedy's [[Alliance for Progress]] but not the C.I.A.'s clandestine wars with Cuba.<sup id="fn_1_back">[[#fn 1|1]]</sup> -->
== Mandat kedua ''(1970-1974)'' ==
<!--The termination of [[Alliance for Progress]] funds as well as the collapse of the [[Central American Common Market]], threatened to cripple the country's economy until Figueres discovered a new market by selling 30,000 tons of coffee to the Soviet Union in 1972. Costa Rica then became the only Central American nation to establish diplomatic relations with Moscow. The [[World Bank]] and [[International Monetary Fund]] also delivered millions of dollars to keep the economy afloat.<sup id="fn_10_back">[[#fn 10|10]], </sup><sup id="fn_13_back">[[#fn 13|13]]</sup>
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His son, [[José María Figueres|José María Figueres Olsen]], also served as president from [[1994]] to [[1998]]. -->
== Pujian untuk José Figueres Ferrer ==
<!--:'''[[New York Times]]''':
:If Costa Rica has eluded the familiar afflictions of Central America - war, poverty and repression - much of the credit belongs to Jose Figueres Ferrer, a fighter for democracy who died recently at the age of 83.
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*<cite id="fn_6">[[#fn_6_back|Note 6:]] </cite> ''Costa Rica's Ex-Leader Praises U.S. Policy on Salvadoran War'' The Washington Post, June 22, 1984, page A24
*<cite id="fn_7">[[#fn_7_back|Note 7:]] </cite> {{cite book | author=La Feber, Walter | title=Inevitable Revolutions The United States in Central America | publisher=Norton Press | year=1993 | id=ISBN
*<cite id="fn_8">[[#fn_8_back|Note 8:]] </cite> {{cite book | author=La Feber, Walter | title=Inevitable Revolutions The United States in Central America | publisher=Norton Press | year=1993 | id=ISBN
*<cite id="fn_9">[[#fn_9_back|Note 9:]] </cite> ''Inter-American Relations And Encounters: Recent Directions in the Literature'', Latin American Research Review June 22, 2000, Page 155
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*<cite id="fn_10">[[#fn_10_back|Note 10:]] </cite> ''Jose Figueres'', Times Newspapers Limited, June 12, 1990
*<cite id="fn_11">[[#fn_11_back|Note 11:]] </cite> [http://www.umsl.edu/~skthoma/plwordab.htm More on (CIA Agent) Cord Meyer] Quoting: {{cite book | author=Ameringer, Charles | title=U.S. Intelligence Foreign Intelligence: The Secret Side of American History | publisher=Lexington Books | year=1990 | id=ISBN
*<cite id="fn_12">[[#fn_12_back|Note 12:]] </cite> [http://www.livejournal.com/users/bailey83221/45020.html "How Costa Rica Lost Its Military"] citing:
::{{cite book | author=Bell, John Patrick | title=Crisis in Costa Rica: The 1948 Revolution | publisher=University of Texas Press | year=1971 | id=ISBN
::{{cite book | author=Ameringer, Charles D. | title=Don Pepe: A political biography of José Figueres of Costa Ricas | publisher=University of New Mexico Press | year=1978 | id=ISBN
*<cite id="fn_13">[[#fn_13_back|Note 13:]] </cite> {{cite book | author=La Feber, Walter | title=Inevitable Revolutions The United States in Central America | publisher=Norton Press | year=1993 | id=ISBN
*<cite id="fn_14">[[#fn_14_back|Note 14:]] </cite> [http://www.elespiritudel48.org/docu/h_i01.htm Costa Rica and the 1948 Revolution] citing:
::{{cite book | author=Longley, Kyle | title=The Sparrow and the Hawk: Costa Rica and the United States During the Rise of Jose Figueres | publisher=University of Alabama Press | year=1997 | id=ISBN
::LaWare, David, "Labor and the Costa Rican Revolution of 1948," page 2-3. ''In his essay, LaWare argues that both Calderón's and Figueres' policies on social development were virtually identical, and differed really only the subjects of Communism and labor parties, and proper implementation.'' -->
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=== Bacaan lebih lanjut ===
* {{cite book | author=Longley, Kyle | title=The Sparrow and the Hawk: Costa Rica and the United States During the Rise of Jose Figueres | publisher=University of Alabama Press | year=1997 | id=ISBN
* {{cite book | author=Bell, John Patrick | title=Crisis in Costa Rica: The 1948 Revolution | publisher=University of Texas Press | year=1971 | id=ISBN
*{{cite book | author=Kantor, Harry | title=Bibliography of Jose Figueres | publisher=Center for Latin American Studies, Arizona State University | year=1972 | id=ISBN
*{{cite book | author=Ameringer, Charles D. | title=Don Pepe: A political biography of José Figueres of Costa Ricas | publisher=University of New Mexico Press | year=1978 | id=ISBN
* Costa Rica: Child in the Wind, 1988. (Video)(58 min.)
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