Ugarit: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Ugarit''' ([[Ugaritik]]: 𐎜𐎂𐎗𐎚 ''ʼugrt''; [[Bahasa Ibrani|Ibrani]]: {{script|Hebr|אוּגָרִית}}; [[Bahasa Arab|Arab]]: {{script|arab|أوغاريت}}) ('''Ras Shamra''' رأس شمرة modern ("tanjung/ujung/kepala [[adas]] liar" dalam [[bahasa Arab]]), dekat [[Latakia]], [[Suriah]]) adalah kota pelabuhan kosmopolitan kuno yang terletak di pesisir Mediterania. Ugarit mengirim upeti ke [[Mesir kuno|Mesir]] dan mengutamakan hubungan perdagangan dan diplomatik dengan [[Cyprus]] (disebut [[Alashiya]]), yang didokumentasikan dalam arsip yang ditemukan di situs tersebut dan dikuatkan oleh tembikar [[Yunani Mikene|Mikene]] dan Cypriot yang ditemukan disana. Pemerintahannya mencapai puncak dari sekitar tahun 1450 SM hingga 1200 SM.

 

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The existence of the [[Ugaritic language]] is attested to in texts from the 14th through the 12th century BC. Ugaritic is usually classified as a [[Northwest Semitic languages|Northwest Semitic language]] and therefore related to [[Hebrew]], [[Aramaic]], and [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]], among others. Its [[grammar|grammatical]] features are highly similar to those found in [[Arabic|Classical Arabic]] and [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]. It possesses two [[genders]] (masculine and feminine), three [[grammatical case|cases]] for [[nouns]] and [[adjectives]] ([[nominative]], [[accusative]], and [[genitive]]); three numbers: ([[singulative number|singular]], [[dual (grammatical number)|dual]], and [[plural]]); and [[verb]] [[grammatical aspect|aspects]] similar to those found in other Northwest Semitic languages. The word order in Ugaritic is [[verb–subject–object]] (VSO); [[possession (linguistics)|possessed–possessor]] (NG) (first element dependent on the function and second always in genitive case); and [[noun]]–[[adjective]] (NA) (both in the same case (i.e. congruent)).<ref>Stanislav Segert, ''A basic Grammar of the Ugaritic Language: with selected texts and glossary'' (1984) 1997.</ref>

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Apart from royal correspondence with neighboring Bronze Age monarchs, Ugaritic literature from tablets found in the city's libraries include mythological texts written in a poetic narrative, letters, legal documents such as land transfers, a few international treaties, and a number of administrative lists. Fragments of several poetic works have been identified: the "[[Legend of Keret]]," the "Legend of [[Danel]]", the [[Baal cycle|Ba'al tales]] that detail [[Baal]]-[[Hadad]]'s conflicts with [[Yam (god)|Yam]] and [[Mot (Semitic god)|Mot]], among other fragments.<ref>Nick Wyatt. ''Religious texts from Ugarit'', (1998) rev. ed 2002.</ref>

The foundations of the Bronze Age city Ugarit were divided into quarters. In the north-east quarter of the walled enclosure, the remains of three significant religious buildings were discovered, including two temples (of the gods Baal and Dagon) and a building referred to a the library or the high priest's house. Within these structures atop the acropolis numerous invaluable mythological texts were found. These texts have provided the basis for understanding of the [[Canaanite religion|Canaanite mythological world and religion]]. The [[Baal cycle]] represents Baal's destruction of [[Yam (god)|Yam]] (the chaos sea monster), demonstrating the relationship of Canaanite ''chaoskampf'' with those of Mesopotamia and the Aegean: a warrior god rises up as the hero of the new pantheon to defeat chaos and bring order.

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<!--After its destruction in the early 12th century BC, Ugarit's location was forgotten until 1928 when a peasant accidentally opened an old tomb while ploughing a field. The discovered area was the [[necropolis]] of Ugarit located in the nearby seaport of [[Minet el-Beida]]. Excavations have since revealed a city with a prehistory reaching back to ca. 6000 BC.{{citation needed|date = February 2012}}

 

 

== Pustaka ==

* Caquot, André & Sznycer, Maurice. Ugaritic Religion. Iconography of Religions, Section XV: Mesopotamia and the Near East; Fascicle 8; Institute of Religious Iconography, State University Groningen; Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1980.

* de Moor, Johannes C. The Seasonal Pattern in the Ugaritic Myth of Ba'lu, According to the Version of Ilimilku. Alter Orient und Altes Testament, Band 16. Neukirchen&nbsp;– Vluyn: Verlag Butzon & Berker Kevelaer, Neukirchener Verlag des Erziehungsvereins, 1971

* L'Heureux, Conrad E. Rank Among the Canaanite Gods: El, Ba'al, and the Repha'im. Harvard Semitic Museum, Harvard Semitic Monographs No. 21, Missoula MT: Scholars Press, 1979.

* Mullen, E. Theodore, Jr. The Assembly of the Gods: The Divine Council in Canaanite and Early Hebrew Literature. Harvard Semitic Museum, Harvard Semitic Monographs No. 24, Cambridge, MA: Harvard Press, 1980/ Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press Reprint, 1986. (comparison of Ugaritic and Old Testament literature)

* Wyatt, Nicolas (1998): ''Religious texts from Ugarit: the worlds of Ilimilku and his colleagues'', The Biblical Seminar, volume 53. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press, paperback, 500 pages.

 

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