Terra Mariana: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Terra Mariana''' (Tanah [[Maria (ibu Yesus)|Maria]]) adalah nama resmi dari <ref name="EA">{{cite encyclopedia | year =1967 | title =Terra Mariana | encyclopedia =The Encyclopedia Americana | publisher =Americana Corp | location = | id = |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jsJWAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Terra+Mariana%22&dq}}</ref> '''[[Livonia]] Pertengahan'''<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?client=firefox-a&um=1&q=%22Medieval+Livonia%22&btnG=Search+Books Medieval Livonia @ google books]</ref> atau '''Livonia Lama''' <ref>referred to by historians as '''Medieval Livonia''' or '''Old Livonia'''[http://books.google.com/books?client=firefox-a&um=1&q=%22Old+Livonia%22&btnG=Search+Books Old Livonia @ google books] to distinguish it from the rump-[[Livonia]] ([[Duchy of Livonia]]) and the [[Livonian Governorate]] that was formed from part of its territories after its breakup.</ref> ({{lang-de|Alt-Livland}}, {{lang-et|Vana-Liivimaa}}, {{lang-lv|Livonija}}) yang dibentuk setelah akhir [[Perang Salib Livonia]] yang sekarang menjadi wilayah [[Estonia]] dan [[Latvia]]. Negara ini dibentuk pada tanggal [[2 Februari]] [[1207]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Latvian-Russian Relations: Documents|last=Bilmanis|first=Alfreds|authorlink=|coauthors=|year=1944|publisher=The Latvian legation|location=|isbn=|pages=|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OoEdAAAAMAAJ&q=Terra+Mariana+1561&dq=Terra+Mariana+1561&ei=cGkaSZzgN5SmM5nCnOAI&pgis=1}}</ref> sebagai salah satu kepangeranan dari [[Kekaisaran Romawi Suci]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Catholic Encyclopedia|last=Herbermann|first=Charles George|authorlink=|coauthors=|year=1907|publisher=Robert Appleton Company|location=|isbn=|pages=|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=n2ocAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Terra+Mariana%22&dq=%22Terra+Mariana%22&lr=&ei=mUAXSfKjAoWcMuHQ_cQB&pgis=1 }}</ref> tetapi kehilangan statusnya pada 1215 ketika diproklamirkan oleh [[Paus Innosensius III]] sebagai subjek langsung ke [[Takhta Suci]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Church in Latvia|last=Bilmanis|first=Alfreds|authorlink=|coauthors=|year=1945|publisher=Drauga vēsts|location=|isbn=|pages=|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xRYXAAAAIAAJ&q=%221215+proclaimed+it+the+Terra+Mariana,+subject+directly%22&dq=%221215+proclaimed+it+the+Terra+Mariana,+subject+directly%22&ei=RmUaSZmyHp-aMpzMifEJ&pgis=1}}</ref>

 

* [[Estonia Denmark#Kadipaten Estonia|Kadipaten Estonia]] ([[Dominum directum]] ke [[Raja Denmark]])<ref name="CH111"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge History of Scandinavia: Prehistory to 1520|last=Knut|first=Helle|authorlink=|coauthors=|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=|isbn=0-521-47299-7|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PFBtfXG6fXAC&pg=PA269&vq=Duchy+of+Estonia&dq=%22Duchy+of+Estonia%22&lr=&source=gbs_search_s&sig=ACfU3U1ZqeL3WfxncxJEpJV7Jj0jMKw6Xg|page=269}}</ref>

* [[Keuskupan Agung Riga]]

* [[Keuskupan Dorpat]]

* [[Keuskupan Ösel-Wiek]]

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Setelah tahun 1236 [[Pertempuran Saule]] the surviving members of the brothers merged in 1237 with the [[Teutonic Order]] of Prussia and became known as the [[Livonian Order]]. In 1346 the order bought [[Danish Estonia]]. Throughout the existence of medieval Livonia there was a constant struggle over the supremacy of ruling the lands by the Church, the Order, the secular German nobility and the citizens of the [[Hanseatic League|Hanseatic]] towns of [[Riga]] and [[Reval]]. Following its defeat in the [[Battle of Grunwald]] in 1410 the Teutonic Order and the [[State of the Teutonic Order|Ordenstaat]] fell into decline but the Livonian Order managed to maintain its independent existence. In 1561, during the [[Livonian war]], Terra Mariana ceased to exist.<ref name="EA"/> Its northern parts were ceded to [[Swedish empire|Sweden]] and formed into the [[Swedish Estonia|Duchy of Estonia]], its southern territories became part of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]&nbsp;— and thus eventually of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] as the [[Duchy of Livonia]] and [[Duchy of Courland and Semigallia]]. The island of [[Saaremaa]] became part of [[Denmark]].