Transnasionalisme: Perbedaan antara revisi

Sejumlah pihak berpendapat bahwa [[diaspora]] seperti [[diaspora Cina]] adalah perintis transnasionalisme modern. Namun demikian, sebagian besar diaspora tidak bersifat sukarela, tidak seperti orang-orang yang berjiwa transnasionalis. Bidang [[politik diaspora]] menganggap diaspora modern berpotensi menjadi pelaku politik transnasional dan dipengaruhi gerakan-gerakan politik transnasional.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kislev|first=Elyakim|title=The transnational effect of multicultural policies on migrants' identification: the case of the Israeli diaspora in the USA|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/glob.12043/full}}</ref> Walaupun kata transnasionalisme menegaskan bahwa negara tidak mampu lagi membendung atau mengendalikan sengketa dan negosiasi sehingga kelompok-kelompok sosial menyertakan dimensi global ke dalam praktik mereka, [[diaspora]] memperkenalkan dinamika ras yang mendasari [[pembagian tenaga kerja internasional]] dan gejolak ekonomi [[modal global]]. Dalam artikelnya tahun 2006, Asale Angel-Ajani mengklaim bahwa "ada kemungkinan beralihnya [[studi diaspora]] dari diskursus bebas politik yang berkutat dalam studi transnasional." Karena studi [[diaspora Afrika]] berfokus pada [[pembentukan ras]], [[rasisme]], dan [[supremasi kulit putih]], [[teori diaspora]] mampu membawa "sudut pandang politik, termasuk politik radikal, ke dalam kajian proses transnasional dan [[globalisasi]]”.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Angel-Ajani|first=Asale|chapter=Displacing Diaspora: Trafficking, African Women, and Transnational Practices|title=Diasporic Africa: A Reader|year=2006|publisher=New York University Press}}</ref>

 

* [[Médecins Sans Frontières]]

* [[National Alliance of Latin American and Caribbean Communities]]

* [[No Border Network]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Glick Schiller|first=Nina|author2=al |title=Transnationalism: A New Analytic Framework For Understanding Migration|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|year=1992|volume=645|pages=1–24|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb33484.x}}</ref>

 

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* [[Anarkisme]]

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* Appadurai, Arjun: ''Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization'', Delhi, India, Oxford University Press, 1997 - is critical of the construct of the nation-state and seek to propagate a greater use of transnational thought.

* Bachmann-Medick, Doris, ed.: ''The Trans/National Study of Culture: A Translational Perspective'', Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter, 2014.

* Barkan, Elliott Robert, ed.: ''Immigration, Incorporation and Transnationalism'', Somerset, New Jersey, USA, Transaction Publishers, 2003.

* Bourne, Randolph: [http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/rbannis1/AIH19th/Bourne.html "Trans-National America"] in ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]'', #118 (July 1916), pp.&nbsp;86–97, Boston, The Atlantic Monthly Group, 1916.

* Faist, Thomas, The Volume and Dynamics of International Migration and Transnational Social Spaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

* Guarnizo, Luis Eduardo & Michael Peter Smith, eds., ''Transnationalism from Below'', New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA, Transaction Publishers, 1997.

* Joerges, Christian; Inger-Johanne Sand & Gunther Teubner, eds.: ''Transnational governance and constitutionalism'', Oxford, United Kingdom, Hart Publishing, 2004.

* Keohane, Robert O. & Joseph S. Nye, eds. ''Transnational relations and world politics'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, Harvard University Press, 1972 - locus classicus{{Clarify|date=August 2010}} for the distinction in international relations.

* McKeown, Adam: ''Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change: Peru, Chicago, and Hawaii 1900-1936'', Chicago, Illinois, USA, The University of Chicago Press, 2001 - offered a transnational look at Chinese immigrants and social links in the nineteenth century.

* Pries, Ludger, ed.: ''Migration and Transnational Social Spaces'', Aldershot, United Kingdom, Ashgate, 1999.

* Rees, Martha, ed.: ''[http://www.metapress.com/content/t69883312067/ Special Issue: Costs of Transnational Migration]'', in [[Migration Letters]], Vol. 6, No. 1, October 2009.

* Sklair, Leslie. The Transnational capitalist class. Wiley-Blackwell. 2000.

* Sprague, Jeb: "[https://sites.google.com/site/jebsprague/Sprague_2012_Encyclopedia_Transnational_State.pdf Transnational State.]", in George Ritzer, eds, The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization, First Edition (Malden, MA, USA and Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd), p.&nbsp;2031-2037.

* See the "Network for Critical Study of Global Capitalism" http://netglobalcapitalism.wordpress.com

* See the trilingual (English, Chinese, French) ''Transtext(e)sTranscultures: Journal of Global Cultural Studies'' http://www.transtexts.net publication of the Institute for Transtextual and Transculural Studies, University of Lyon, France.