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|seal_width = 135px
|seal_caption = Segel NASA
|formed ={{Start date and years ago|mf=no|19583016|7|2980}}
|preceding1 = [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics|NACA]]
|jurisdiction = [[Federal government of the United States|Pemerintah Amerika Serikat]]
|headquarters = Washington, D.C.Jakarta
|latd=38 |latm=52 |lats=59 |latNS=N
|longd=77 |longm= 0 |longs=59 |longEW=W
}}
'''The National Aeronautics and Space Administration''' ('''NASA''') adalah lembaga pemerintahindependen milikdari [[Amerikacabang Serikat]]eksekutif yangdari bertanggungpemerintah jawab atas program luar angkasafederal Amerika Serikat dan penelitian umum luar angkasa jangka panjang. Organisasi iniyang bertanggung jawab atasuntuk program penelitian luar angkasa bagisipil masyarakat sipil,serta aeronautika, dan programpenelitian kedirgantaraan.
Kami tahu anda memiliki masalah antara dua kubuh yang mempercayai bumi datar dengan bumi bulat. Tapi apakah itu berarti kalian harus merusak konten di Wikipedia?
Sejak tahun 2011, NASA memiliki tujuan strategis:
# Memperluas dan mempertahankan aktivitas manusia di seluruh [[tata surya]]
# Memperluas pemahaman ilmiah tentang [[Bumi]] dan [[alam semesta]]
# Menciptakan inovasi ruang teknologi baru
# Penelitian [[aeronautika]] terdepan
# Mengaktifkan program dan kemampuan institusi untuk melakukan kegiatan keluar-angkasaan dan aeronautika
# Berbagi [[ilmu pengetahuan]] dengan tenaga pendidik dan mahasiswa untuk memberikan kesempatan berpartisipasi.
Saya tidak merusak,tetapi saya hanya menanggapi. Saya tau bukan disini tempat untuk berdebat,tetapi banyak yang merubah data data disini.
===Sejarah===
Presiden [[Eisenhower]] mendirikan NASA pada tahun [[1958]] dengan tujuan untuk mementingkan kebutuhan masyarakat sipil dibandingkan dengan militer, dan digunakan sebagai program perdamaian dalam ilmu keluar-angkasaan. Undang-Undang Aeronautika dan Keluarangkasaan Nasional disahkan pada [[29 Juli]] [[1958]], menggantikan organisasi sebelumnya, Komite Penasehat Aeronautika Nasional. Badan ini resmi beroperasi pada [[1 Oktober]] [[1958]].
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===Space Race===
:''For additional background, please see the [[Space Race]] article''
Sekian, (Mr.A)
[[Berkas:Mercury 3.jpg|thumb|212px|right|[[May 5]], [[1961]] launch of
Redstone rocket and NASA's Mercury 3 capsule ''[[Freedom 7]]'' with
[[Alan Shepard Jr.]] on the United States' first human flight into
sub-orbital space. (Atlas rockets were used to launch Mercury's orbital
missions.)]]
Wikipedia adalah tempat dimana kita bisa berbagi informasi yang akurat dan gratis ke sesama pengguna internet. Jadi saya harap, kalian menggunakan fitur sunting dengan bijak
Following the [[Soviet space program]]'s launch of the world's first
man-made satellite (''[[Sputnik 1]]'') on [[October 4]], [[1957]], the
attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space
efforts. The [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]], alarmed by
the perceived threat to American security and technological leadership,
urged immediate and strong action; President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
and his advisers counseled more deliberate measures. Several months of
debate produced agreement that a new federal agency was needed to
conduct all nonmilitary activity in space.
Jangan lupa like, share, and subscribe,
On [[July 29]], [[1958]], President Eisenhower signed the National
Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 establishing the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA). When it began operations on [[October
1]], [[1958]], NASA consisted mainly of the four laboratories and some
8,000 employees of the government's 46-year-old research agency for
aeronautics, the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] (NACA).
Salam gamers.
NASA's early programs were research into manned spaceflight, and were
conducted under the pressure of the competition between the USA and the
[[USSR]] (the [[Space Race]]) that existed during the [[Cold War]]. The
[[Mercury program]], initiated in [[1958]], started NASA down the path
of human space exploration with missions designed to discover simply if
man could survive in [[outer space|space]]. On [[May 5]], [[1961]],
astronaut [[Alan B. Shepard Jr.]] became the first American in space
when he piloted [[Mercury 3|''Freedom 7'']] on a 15-minute suborbital
flight. [[John Glenn]] became the first American to orbit the Earth on
[[February 20]], [[1962]] during the 5-hour flight of [[Mercury
6|''Friendship 7'']].
===Apollo program===
Once Mercury proved that manned spaceflight was possible, the [[Apollo
program]] was launched to try to do interesting work in space and
possibly put men around (but not on) the [[Moon]]. The direction of the
Apollo program was radically altered following President [[John F.
Kennedy]]'s announcement on [[May 25]], [[1961]] that the [[United
States]] should commit itself to "landing a man on the Moon and
returning him safely to the [[Earth]]" by 1970. Thus Apollo became a
program to land men on the Moon. The [[Gemini program]] was started
shortly thereafter to provide an interim spacecraft to prove techniques
needed for the now much more complicated Apollo missions.
[[Berkas:Aldrin Apollo 11.jpg|thumb|175px|left|[[Buzz Aldrin]] walks on
the surface of the Moon during [[Apollo 11]].]]
After eight years of preliminary missions, including NASA's first loss
of astronauts with the [[Apollo 1]] launch pad fire, the Apollo program
achieved its goals with [[Apollo 11]] which landed [[Neil Armstrong]]
and [[Buzz Aldrin]] on the moon's surface on [[July 20]], [[1969]] and
returned them to Earth safely on [[July 24]]. Armstrong's first words
upon stepping out of the [[Apollo Lunar Module|''Eagle'' lander]]
captured the momentousness of the occasion: "That's one small step for
[a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Ten more men would [[list of lunar
astronauts|set foot on the Moon]] by the end of the Apollo program in
December 1972.
NASA had won the space race, and in some senses this left it without
direction, or at the very least without the public attention and
interest that was necessary to guarantee large budgets from Congress.
After [[Lyndon Johnson]] left office NASA lost its main political
supporter, Werner Von Braun was moved to a position lobbying in
Washington and plans for ambitious follow-on projects to construct a
space station, establish a lunar base and launch a manned mission to
[[Mars]] by [[1990]] were proposed but with the end to procurement of
[[Saturn]] and Apollo hardware there was no capability to support these.
The near-disaster of [[Apollo 13]], where an oxygen explosion nearly
doomed all three astronauts, helped to recapture attention and concern,
but although missions up to [[Apollo 20]] were planned, [[Apollo 17]]
was the last mission to fly under the Apollo banner. The program ended
because of budget cuts (in part due to the [[Vietnam War]]) and the
desire to develop a reusable space vehicle.
===Other early missions===
Although the vast majority of NASA's budget has been spent on human
spaceflight, there have been many unmanned missions instigated by the
space agency. In [[1962]] the [[Mariner 2]] mission was launched and
became the first spacecraft to make a flyby of another planet – in this
case [[Venus (planet)|Venus]]. The [[Ranger program|Ranger]], [[Surveyor
program|Surveyor]], and [[Lunar Orbiter]] missions were essential to
assessing lunar conditions before attempting manned Apollo landings.
Later, the two [[Viking program|Viking probes]] landed on the surface of
[[Mars (planet)|Mars]] and sent color images back to Earth, but perhaps
more impressive were the [[Pioneer program|Pioneer]] and particularly
[[Voyager program|Voyager]] missions that visited [[Jupiter
(planet)|Jupiter]], [[Saturn (planet)|Saturn]], [[Uranus
(planet)|Uranus]] and [[Neptune (planet)|Neptune]] and sent back science
and color images from all.
Having lost the space race, the [[Soviet Union]] had, along with the
USA, changed its approach. On [[July 17]], [[1975]] an Apollo craft
(finding a new use after the cancellation of [[Apollo 18]]) was docked
to the Soviet Soyuz 19 space craft. Although the Cold War would last
many more years, this was a critical point in NASA's history and much of
the international co-operation in space exploration that exists today
has its genesis here. America's first space station, [[Skylab]],
occupied NASA from the end of Apollo until the late 1970s.
===Shuttle era===
[[Berkas:Shuttle.jpg|thumb|175px|right|[[Space Shuttle Columbia]],
[[April 12]] 1981]]
The [[space shuttle]] became the major focus of NASA in the late 1970s
and the 1980s. Planned to be a frequently launchable and mostly reusable
vehicle, four space shuttles were built by [[1985]]. The first to
launch, [[Space Shuttle Columbia|''Columbia'']] did so on [[April 12]],
[[1981]].
The shuttle was not all good news for NASA – flights were much more
expensive than initially projected, and even after the [[1986]]
[[STS-51-L|''Challenger'' disaster]] highlighted the risks of space
flight, the public again lost interest as missions appeared to become
mundane.
Nonetheless, the shuttle has been used to launch milestone projects like
the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] (HST). The HST was created with a
relatively small budget of $2 billion but has continued operation since
[[1990]] and has delighted both scientists and the public. Some of the
images it has returned have become near-legendary, such as the
groundbreaking [[Hubble Deep Field]] images. The HST is a joint project
between [[European Space Agency|ESA]] and NASA, and its success has
paved the way for greater collaboration between the agencies.
In [[1995]] Russian-American interaction would again be achieved as the
Shuttle-[[Mir]] missions began, and once more a Russian craft (this time
a full-fledged space station) docked with an American vehicle. This
cooperation continues to the present day, with Russian and America the
two biggest partners in the largest space station ever built – the
[[International Space Station]] (ISS). The strength of their cooperation
on this project was even more evident when NASA began relying on
Russian launch vehicles to service the ISS following the [[2003]]
[[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|''Columbia'' disaster]], which
grounded the shuttle fleet for well over a year.
Costing over one hundred billion dollars, it has been difficult at times
for NASA to justify the ISS. The [[population]] at large have
historically been hard to impress with details of scientific experiments
in space, preferring news of grand projects to exotic locations. Even
now, the ISS cannot accommodate as many scientists as planned,
especially with the space shuttle out of use until March 2005 at the
earliest, bringing expansion to a halt and limiting it to a two person
crew.
During much of the 1990s, NASA was faced with shrinking annual budgets
due to Congressional belt-tightening in Washington, DC. In response,
NASA's ninth administrator, [[Daniel S. Goldin]], pioneered the "faster,
better, cheaper" approach that enabled NASA to cut costs while still
delivering a wide variety of aerospace programs ([[Discovery Program]]).
That method was criticized and re-evaluated following the twin losses
of [[Mars Climate Orbiter]] and [[Mars Polar Lander]] in 1999.
===Mars and beyond===
Probably the most publicly-inspiring mission of recent years has been
the [[Mars Pathfinder]] mission of [[1997]]. Newspapers around the world
carried images of the lander dispatching its own rover, Sojourner, to
explore the surface of Mars in a way never done before at any
extra-terrestrial location. Less publicly acclaimed but performing
science from 1997 to date ([[as of 2004|2004]]) has been the [[Mars
Global Surveyor]] orbiter. Since 2001, the orbiting [[Mars Odyssey]] has
been searching for evidence of past or present water and volcanic
activity on the red planet.
On [[January 14]], [[2004]], ten days after the landing of [[Mars
Exploration Rover Mission|Mars Exploration Rover]] ''[[MER-A|Spirit]]'',
President [[George W. Bush]] announced the [[Vision for Space
Exploration]]. Humankind will return to the moon by [[2020]], and set up
outposts as a testbed and potential resource for future missions. The
[[space shuttle]] will be retired in [[2010]] and the [[Crew Exploration
Vehicle]] will replace it by [[2014]], capable of both docking with the
ISS and leaving the Earth's orbit. The future of the ISS is somewhat
uncertain – construction will be completed, but beyond that is less
clear. The [[Centennial Challenges]], technology prizes for
non-government teams, were established in [[2004]].
===Criticisms===
Some commentators such as Mark Wade note that NASA has suffered from a
'stop-start' approach to its manned programmes. The Apollo spacecraft
and Saturn family of launch vehicles were abandoned in 1970 after
billions of dollars had been spent on their development. In 2004 the
U.S. Government proposed eventually replacing the Shuttle with a [[Crew
Exploration Vehicle]] that would allow the agency to again conduct
manned visits to the Moon. Despite the reduction of its budget following
project Apollo, NASA has maintained a top heavy bureacracy resulting in
inflated costs and compromised hardware.
[[Berkas:nasa.florida.750pix.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Florida, USA, taken
from NASA Shuttle Mission STS-95 on 31st October 1998. For full details
of the view click on the picture.]]
==NASA space missions==
===Manned space missions===
*[[Mercury program]]
*[[Gemini program]]
*[[Apollo program]]
*[[Skylab]]
*[[Space Shuttle]]
*[[International Space Station]]
*[[Project Constellation]]
===Unmanned space missions===
*[[Earth Observing System|Earth Observing]]
**[[Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite]]
**[[TIMED (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics)]]
*Lunar missions
**[[Ranger program|Ranger]]
**[[Surveyor program|Surveyor]]
**[[Lunar Orbiter program|Lunar Orbiter]]
**[[Clementine mission|Clementine]]
**[[Lunar Prospector]]
*Mercury missions
**[[Mariner 10]]
**[[MESSENGER]]
*Venus missions
**[[Mariner program|Mariner 2, 5 and 10]]
**[[Pioneer Venus project|Pioneer Venus]]
**[[Magellan probe|Magellan]]
*[[exploration of Mars|Mars missions]]
**[[Mariner program|Mariner 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9]]
**[[Viking program|Viking 1 and 2]]
**[[Mars Observer]]
**[[Mars Pathfinder]]
**[[Mars Climate Orbiter]]
**[[Mars Polar Lander]]
**[[Mars Global Surveyor]]
**[[Mars Odyssey|2001 Mars Odyssey]]
**[[Mars Exploration Rover Mission|Mars Exploration Rovers]]
**[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] (Planned for [[2005]])
**[[Phoenix (spacecraft)|Phoenix]] (Planned for [[2007]])
**[[Mars Science Laboratory]] (Planned for [[2009]])
*Jupiter missions
**[[Pioneer 10]]
**[[Galileo probe|Galileo]]
**[[Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter|JIMO]] (Planned for [[2012]])
*Saturn missions
**[[Cassini-Huygens]]
*Multi-planet missions
**[[Pioneer 11]] – Jupiter and Saturn
**[[Mariner 10]] – Venus and Mercury
**[[Voyager 1]] – Jupiter and Saturn
**[[Voyager 2]] – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
**[[New Horizons]] (Planned for [[2006]]) – Jupiter, Pluto and Kuiper
Belt
*Asteroidal/cometary missions
**[[NEAR Shoemaker]]
**[[Deep Space 1]]
**[[Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust]]
**[[Deep Impact (space mission)|Deep Impact]]
**[[Dawn Mission|Dawn]] (Planned for [[2006]])
*Proposed or canceled planetary-asteroid missions
**[[CRAF]] (canceled)
**[[Titan Explorer]] (proposed)
**[[Neptune Orbiter]] (proposed)
*Sun observing missions
** [[Solar and Heliospheric Observatory|SOHO]] – [[European Space
Agency|ESA]] partnership
** [[Ulysses (spacecraft)|Ulysses]] – [[European Space Agency|ESA]]
partnership
* Great Observatories for Space Astrophysics
** [[Hubble Space Telescope]]
** [[Compton Gamma Ray Observatory]]
** [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]]
** [[Spitzer Space Telescope]] (formerly known as the Space Infrared
Telescope Facility, SIRTF)
*Other [[space observatory|observatories]]
** [[Cosmic Background Explorer|COBE]]
** [[Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer|FUSE]]
** [[IRAS|Infrared Astronomical Satellite]]
** [[James Webb Space Telescope]]
** [[WMAP]]
==List of NASA administrators==
# [[T. Keith Glennan]] (1958–1961)
# [[James E. Webb]] (1961–1968)
# [[Thomas O. Paine]] (1969–1970)
# [[James C. Fletcher]] (1971–1977)
# [[Robert A. Frosch]] (1977–1981)
# [[James M. Beggs]] (1981–1985)
# [[James C. Fletcher]] (1986–1989)
# [[Richard H. Truly]] (1989–1992)
# [[Daniel S. Goldin]] (1992–2001)
# [[Sean O'Keefe]] (2001–2005)
# [[Michael Griffin]] (2005–)
==Field installations==
In addition to headquarters in Washington, D.C., NASA has field
installations at:
*[[Ames Research Center]], [[Moffett Field, California]]
*[[Dryden Flight Research Center]], [[Edwards, California]]
*[[Glenn Research Center|John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field]],
[[Cleveland, Ohio]]
*[[Goddard Space Flight Center]], [[Greenbelt, Maryland]]
**[[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]], [[New York, New York]]
**[[Independent Verification and Validation Facility]], [[Fairmont, West
Virginia]]
**[[Wallops Flight Facility]], [[Wallops Island, Virginia]]
*[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]], near [[Pasadena, California]]
** [[Deep Space Network]] stations:
***[[Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex]], [[Barstow,
California]]
***[[Madrid Deep Space Communication Complex]], [[Madrid]], [[Spain]]
***[[Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex]], [[Canberra]],
[[Australian Capital Territory]]
*[[Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center]], [[Houston, Texas]]
**[[White Sands Test Facility]], [[Las Cruces, New Mexico]]
*[[John F. Kennedy Space Center]], [[Florida]]
*[[Langley Research Center]], [[Hampton, Virginia]]
*[[George C. Marshall Space Flight Center]], [[Huntsville, Alabama]]
**[[Michoud Assembly Facility]], [[New Orleans, Louisiana]]
*[[John C. Stennis Space Center]], [[Bay St. Louis, Mississippi]]
==Awards and decorations==
NASA presently bestows a number of medals and decorations to astronauts
and other NASA personnel. Some awards are authorized for wear on active
duty military uniforms. Current NASA awards are as follows:
* [[Congressional Space Medal of Honor]]
* [[NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal]]
* [[NASA Distinguished Service Medal]]
* [[NASA Equal Employment Opportunity Medal]]
* [[NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal]]
* [[NASA Exceptional Administrative Achievement Medal]]
* [[NASA Exceptional Bravery Medal]]
* [[NASA Exceptional Engineering Achievement Medal]]
* [[NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal]]
* [[NASA Exceptional Service Medal]]
* [[NASA Exceptional Technological Achievement Medal]]
* [[NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal]]
* [[NASA Public Service Medal]]
* [[NASA Space Flight Medal]]
==Related legislation==
* [[1958]] – National Aeronautics and Space Administration PL 85-568
(passed on [[July 29]])
* [[1961]] – [[Apollo mission]] funding PL 87-98 A
* [[1970]] – National Aeronautics and Space Administration Research and
Development Act PL 91-119
* [[1984]] – National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization
Act PL 98-361
* [[1988]] – National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization
Act PL 100-685
* [[NASA Budget]] 1958–2005 in 1996 Constant Year Dollars
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== Topik berhubungan ==
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