Brakiopoda: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Setiap katup terdiri dari tiga lapisan, sebuah [[periostrakum]] luar yang terbuat dari [[senyawa organik]] dan dua lapisan ter[[biomineralisasi]]. Brakiopoda artikulata memiliki periostrakum terluar terbuat dari [[protein]], "lapisan utama" dari [[kalsit]] (bentuk dari [[kalsium karbonat]]) di bawah itu, dan terdalam campuran protein dan kalsit.{{sfn|Ruppert etc: Invert Zoo|(2004)|loc=ch. "Lophophorata" sect. "Brachiopoda"|pp=821–829}} Cangkang brakiopoda tdk jelas memiliki urutan lapisan yang sama, tetapi komposisi mereka adalah berbeda dari brakiopoda artikulata dan juga bervariasi di antara [[Kelas (biologi)|kelas]] brakiopoda artikulata. Lingulid dan discinid, yang memiliki pedikel, memiliki [[matriks (biologi)|matriks]] [[glikosaminoglikan]] ([[polisakarida]] tidak bercabang dan panjang), di mana bahan-bahan lain yang tertanam: [[kitin]] di periostrakum;{{sfn|Ruppert etc: Invert Zoo|(2004)|loc=ch. "Lophophorata" sect. "Brachiopoda"|pp=821–829}} [[apatit]] yang mengandung [[kalsium fosfat]] dalam lapisan terbiomineralisasi utama;<ref>"Apatite" is strictly defined in terms of its structure rather than chemical composition. Some forms contain calcium phosphate and others have calcium carbonate. See {{cite web|url=http://www.uwex.edu/wgnhs/Mineral%20Index/Minerals/apatite.htm|title=Apatite Ca5(PO4, CO3)3(F, Cl, OH) Hexagonal<!--original title lacks proper subscripts-->|last=Cordua|first=W.S.|publisher=University of Wisconsin|accessdate=23 October 2009}}</ref> dan campuran kompleks di lapisan terdalam, yang mengandung [[kolagen]] dan protein lainnya, kitinofosfat dan apatit.{{sfn|Ruppert etc: Invert Zoo|(2004)|loc=ch. "Lophophorata" sect. "Brachiopoda"|pp=821–829}}{{sfn|Ax: Multicellular Animals|(2003)|loc=ch."Brachiopoda"|pp=87–93}} [[Craniidae]], yang tidak memiliki pedikel dan melekatkan dirinya langsung ke permukaan keras, memiliki periostrakum [[kitin]] dan lapisan mineral kalsit.{{sfn|Ruppert etc: Invert Zoo|(2004)|loc=ch. "Lophophorata" sect. "Brachiopoda"|pp=821–829}}{{sfn|Parkinson etc: Brachiopod shells|(2005)|}} Cangkang bisa tumbuh secara holoperiferal, di mana materi baru ditambahkan di seluruh bagian pinggir, atau secara miksoperiferal, di mana materi baru ditambahkan ke daerah posterior dari cangkang dengan arah anterior, tumbuh ke arah cangkang lainnya.<ref>{{Cite book
===Mantel===
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