Bulan: Perbedaan antara revisi

|title= Lunar science: A post-Apollo view| year=1975

Dataran Bulan yang berwarna gelap dan bisa diamati dengan mata telanjang disebut dengan ''[[mare|maria]]'' ([[bahasa Latin]] untuk "laut"; atau ''mare'' dalam bentuk tunggal), karena dahulu kala para astronom mengira bahwa dataran ini dipenuhi oleh [[air]].<ref>{{cite book| author = Wlasuk, Peter| title = Observing the Moon| url = http://books.google.com/?id=TWtLIOlPwS4C| year = 2000| publisher = Springer| isbn = 978-1-85233-193-1| page = 19 }}</ref> Dataran ini berupa kolam besar yang terbentuk dari [[lava]] [[basal]]. Meskipun serupa dengan basal kebumian, basal mare memiliki kandungan besi yang lebih tinggi dan kandungan mineral yang kurang.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/April04/lunarAnorthosites.html|title = The Oldest Moon Rocks|last = Norman|first = M.|publisher = Planetary Science Research Discoveries|date = 21 April 2004|accessdate =12 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Varricchio| first = L.| title = Inconstant Moon| year = 2006| publisher = Xlibris Books| isbn = 978-1-59926-393-9 }}</ref> Sebagian besar lava ini meletus atau mengalir melalui proses yang bersamaan dengan pembentukan [[kawah tubrukan]]. Beberapa bentuk geologi permukaan Bulan seperti [[gunung berapi perisai]] dan [[kubah Bulan|kubah]] vulkanis bisa ditemukan di maria di [[sisi dekat Bulan]].<ref>{{cite journal|last = Head|first = L.W.J.W.|title = Lunar Gruithuisen and Mairan domes: Rheology and mode of emplacement|journal = Journal of Geophysical Research|year = 2003|volume = 108|url = http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2002JE001909.shtml|accessdate =12 April 2007|issue = E2|doi = 10.1029/2002JE001909|page = 5012|bibcode=2003JGRE..108.5012W}}</ref>

Proses geologi lainnya yang memengaruhi bentuk permukaan Bulan adalah [[kawah tubrukan]],<ref>{{cite book| last = Melosh| first = H. J.| title = Impact cratering: A geologic process| year = 1989| publisher = Oxford Univ. Press| isbn = 978-0-19-504284-9 }}</ref> yaitu ketika kawah-kawah terbentuk akibat tubrukan antara [[asteroid]] dan [[komet]] dengan pemukaan Bulan. Diperkirakan terdapat sekitar 300.000 kawah dengan luas lebih dari 1&nbsp;km di sisi dekat Bulan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moon Facts|url=http://planck.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31412|work=SMART-1|publisher=European Space Agency|year=2010|accessdate=12 May 2010}}</ref> Beberapa kawah ini [[Selenografi#Pemetaan dan penamaan Bulan|dinamakan]] menurut nama para pakar, ilmuwan, seniman, dan penjelajah.<ref name="gazetteer" /> [[Skala waktu geologi Bulan]] didasarkan pada peristiwa tubrukan yang paling hebat, termasuk [[Nectarian|Nectaris]], [[Lower Imbrian|Imbrium]], dan [[Mare Orientale|Orientale]], dengan struktur yang dicirikan oleh lingkaran yang terbentuk dari materi yang menguap, biasanya berdiamater ratusan hingga ribuan kilometer.<ref name="geologic" /> Kurangnya aktivitas atmosfer, cuaca, dan proses geologi terkini membuktikan bahwa kawah-kawah ini masih dalam kondisi baik. Meskipun hanya sedikit kawah yang diketahui asal usul pembentukannya, kawah-kawah ini tetap berguna untuk menentukan usia relatif Bulan. Karena kawah tubrukan menumpuk pada tingkat yang hampir konstan, menghitung jumlah kawah per satuan luas dapat digunakan untuk memperkirakan usia permukaan Bulan.<ref name="geologic" /> Usia radiometrik batuan kawah yang dibawa oleh [[misi Apollo]] berkisar dari 3,8 sampai 4,1 miliar tahun; ini digunakan untuk menjelaskan waktu terjadinya tubrukan [[Pengeboman Berat Akhir]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hartmann |first=William K. |last2=Quantin |first2=Cathy |last3=Mangold |first3=Nicolas |year=2007 |volume=186|issue=1 |pages=11–23 |journal=Icarus |title=Possible long-term decline in impact rates: 2. Lunar impact-melt data regarding impact history |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.009 |postscript=<!--None--> |bibcode=2007Icar..186...11H}}</ref>

Dataran yang menyelimuti bagian atas kerak Bulan adalah permukaan yang sangat [[Kominusi|terkominusi]] (terpecah menjadi partikel yang lebih kecil) dan lapisan permukaan [[Pengebunan tubrukan|kebun kawah]] bernama [[regolith]], yang terbentuk akibat proses tubrukan. Regolith yang paling halus, yakni [[tanah Bulan]] dari kaca [[silikon dioksida]], memiliki tekstur seperti salju dan berbau seperti [[mesiu]].<ref>{{cite web|date = 30 January 2006|accessdate =15 March 2010|url = http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/30jan_smellofmoondust.htm|title = The Smell of Moondust|publisher = NASA}}</ref> Regolith di permukaan yang lebih tua umumnya lebih tebal daripada permukaan yang lebih muda; ketebalannya bervariasi, dari 10–20 m di dataran tinggi dan 3–5 m di maria.<ref>{{cite book| last = Heiken| first = G.| coauthors = Vaniman, D.; French, B. (eds.)| title = Lunar Sourcebook, a user's guide to the Moon| year = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| location = New York| isbn = 978-0-521-33444-0| page = 736 }}</ref> Di bawah lapisan regolith terdapat ''megaregolith'', lapisan batuan fraktur dengan ketebalan berkilo-kilometer.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Rasmussen|first = K.L.|coauthors = Warren, P.H.|title = Megaregolith thickness, heat flow, and the bulk composition of the Moon|journal = Nature|year = 1985|volume = 313|issue = 5998|pages = 121–124|bibcode = 1985Natur.313..121R|doi = 10.1038/313121a0}}</ref>

Bulan memiliki [[atmosfer]] yang sangat renggang, bahkan hampir [[Hampa udara|hampa]], dengan massa total kurang dari 10 ton metrik.<ref>{{cite book| editor=Richard D. Johnson & Charles Holbrow |last = Globus|first = Ruth|title=Space Settlements: A Design Study|chapter = Chapter 5, Appendix J: Impact Upon Lunar Atmosphere|publisher=NASA|url = http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/75SummerStudy/5appendJ.html| year = 1977|accessdate=17 March 2010}}</ref> Tekanan permukaannya adalah sekitar 3{{esp|−15}}&nbsp;[[Atmosfer (satuan)|atm]] (0,3&nbsp;[[nanopascal|nPa]]); ukurannya bervariasi menurut hari Bulan. Sumber atmosfer Bulan meliputi [[pelepasan gas]] dan pelepasan atom akibat bombardemen tanah Bulan oleh ion [[angin surya]].<ref name="L06" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Crotts |first=Arlin P.S. |title=Lunar Outgassing, Transient Phenomena and The Return to The Moon, I: Existing Data |year=2008 |publisher=Department of Astronomy, Columbia University |url=http://www.astro.columbia.edu/~arlin/TLP/paper1.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=29 September 2009|bibcode=2008ApJ...687..692C|volume=687|page=692|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|doi=10.1086/591634|arxiv = 0706.3949 }}</ref> Unsur-unsur yang terkandung pada atmosfer Bulan adalah [[sodium]] dan [[potasium]], yang dihasilkan oleh pelepasan atom; unsur ini juga ditemukan pada atmosfer [[Merkurius]] dan [[Io (bulan)|Io]]. Unsur lainnya termasuk [[helium-4]] yang dihasilkan dari angin surya; serta [[Argon|argon-40]], [[Radon|radon-222]], dan [[polonium-210]], yang dilepaskan ke angkasa setelah dihasilkan melalui proses [[peluruhan radioaktif]] di dalam kerak dan mantel.<ref name="Stern1999" /><ref>{{cite journal|last = Lawson|first = S.|coauthors = Feldman, W.; Lawrence, D.; Moore, K.; Elphic, R.; Belian, R.|title = Recent outgassing from the lunar surface: the Lunar Prospector alpha particle spectrometer|journal = J. Geophys. Res.|volume = 110|issue = E9|page=1029|year = 2005|doi = 10.1029/2005JE002433|bibcode=2005JGRE..11009009L}}</ref> Tidak adanya keberadaan spesies netral (atom atau molekul) di atmosfer seperti [[oksigen]], [[nitrogen]], [[karbon]], [[hidrogen]] dan [[magnesium]], yang terdapat pada [[regolith]], masih belum terjelaskan.<ref name="Stern1999" /> Uap air terdeteksi oleh ''[[Chandrayaan-1]]'' dan kandungannya bervariasi menurut garis lintang, dengan titik maksimum ~60–70&nbsp;derajat; uap air ini diduga dihasilkan melalui proses [[Sublimasi (kimia)|sublimasi]] air es di regolith.<ref name="Sridharan2010" /> Gas-gas ini bisa kembali ke regolith akibat gravitasi Bulan atau lenyap ke [[luar angkasa]], baik melalui tekanan radiasi surya atau, jika terionisasi, tersapu oleh medan magnet angin surya.<ref name="Stern1999" />

Bulan memiliki [[albedo]] yang sangat rendah, dengan tingkat kecerahan yang sedikit lebih terang dari aspal hitam. Meskipun demikian, Bulan adalah benda langit yang paling terang di langit setelah [[Matahari]].<ref name="worldbook" />{{efn|name=brightness}} Hal ini antara lain disebabkan oleh peningkatan kecerahan akibat [[efek oposisi]]; pada fase bulan seperempat, hanya sepersepuluh bagian Bulan yang terang, bukannya seperempat.<ref name="Moon" /> Selain itu, [[konstansi warna]] pada [[sistem visual]] Bulan mengkalibrasi hubungan antara warna objek dan sekitarnya; karena langit di sekitar Bulan relatif gelap, Bulan yang diterangi Matahari tampak sebagai benda langit yang terang. Bagian pinggir bulan purnama tampak sama terang dengan bagian tengahnya, tanpa [[pengelaman tungkai]], karena sifat reflektif dari [[tanah Bulan]], yang merefleksikan lebih banyak cahaya ke arah Matahari daripada ke arah lainnya. Bulan terlihat lebih besar saat berada dekat dengan cakrawala, tetapi hal ini hanyalah efek psikologis semata, yang dikenal dengan [[ilusi Bulan]] (pertama kali dijelaskan pada abad ke-7 SM).<ref>{{cite book| last = Hershenson| first = Maurice| title = The Moon illusion| year = 1989| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-0-8058-0121-7| page = 5 }}</ref> Besaran busur rata-rata bulan purnama adalah sekitar 0,52° di langit, kira-kira sama dengan ukuran Matahari yang terlihat dari Bumi (lihat [[gerhana]]).

Interaksi gravitasi antara Bulan dan tonjolan di sekitar Bulan berfungsi sebagai [[torsi]] pada rotasi Bumi, yang menguras [[momentum sudut]] dan [[energi kinetik]] rotasi dari perputaran Bumi.<ref name="Lambeck1977" /><ref name="touma1994" /> Akibatnya, momentum sudut disertakan ke orbit Bulan, yang mempercepat rotasinya dan menyebabkan Bulan naik ke orbit yang lebih tinggi dan dengan periode yang lebih lama. Oleh sebab itu, jarak antara Bumi dengan Bulan juga akan meningkat, dan perputaran Bumi akan melambat.<ref name="touma1994" /> Pengukuran dengan metode [[eksperimen rentang laser Bulan|eksperimen rentang Bulan]] menggunakan reflektor laser yang dilakukan dalam misi [[Apollo]] menemukan bahwa jarak Bulan ke Bumi meningkat sekitar 38&nbsp;mm per tahun<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chapront|first=J.|coauthors=Chapront-Touzé, M.; Francou, G.|year=2002|title=A new determination of lunar orbital parameters, precession constant and tidal acceleration from LLR measurements|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=387|issue=2|pages=700–709|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020420|bibcode = 2002A&A...387..700C}}</ref> (meskipun angka ini hanya 0,10 [[ppb]]/tahun dari radius orbit Bulan). [[Jam atom]] juga menunjukkan bahwa lama hari di Bumi meningkat sekitar 15 [[mikrodetik]] per tahun,<ref>{{cite web|last = Ray|first = R.|date = 15 May 2001|url = http://bowie.gsfc.nasa.gov/ggfc/tides/intro.html|title = Ocean Tides and the Earth's Rotation|publisher = IERS Special Bureau for Tides|accessdate =17 March 2010}}</ref> yang secara perlahan-lahan memperpanjang waktu [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] yang disesuaikan oleh [[detik kabisat]]. Tarikan pasang surut Bulan akan terus berlanjut sampai perputaran Bumi dan periode orbit Bulan sesuai. Namun, Matahari akan berubah menjadi [[raksasa merah]] dan memusnahkan Bumi jauh sebelum hal tersebut terjadi.<ref>{{cite book| author = Murray, C.D. and Dermott, S.F.| coauthors = Stanley F. Dermott| title = Solar System Dynamics| year = 1999| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-57295-8| page = 184 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Dickinson| first = Terence| authorlink = Terence Dickinson| title = From the Big Bang to Planet X| year = 1993| publisher = [[Camden House]]| location = Camden East, Ontario| isbn = 978-0-921820-71-0| pages = 79–81 }}

Pemahaman mengenai siklus Bulan menandai awal perkembangan ilmu [[astronomi]]; pada abad ke-5 SM, [[astronomi Babilonia|astronom Babilonia]] telah mencatat [[siklus Saros]] 18 tahunan pada [[gerhana bulan]],<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1006543|title=Saros Cycle Dates and Related Babylonian Astronomical Texts|first1=A. |last1 = Aaboe|first2= J. P. |last2 =Britton|first3= J. A. |last3 =Henderson, |first4= Otto|last4 = Neugebauer| authorlink4 = Otto Neugebauer |first5= A. J. |last5 =Sachs|journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |volume=81|issue=6 |year=1991|pages=1–75 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]]|quote=One comprises what we have called "Saros Cycle Texts", which give the months of eclipse possibilities arranged in consistent cycles of 223&nbsp;months (or 18&nbsp;years).|postscript=<!--None-->|jstor=1006543}}</ref> <!--The texts discussed in that article are more recent than 490 BC and, as mentioned in the paper, the observations can have occurred no earlier than that. The earliest reference for the Metonic cycle in Neugubauer's (1957) ''The Exact Sciences in Antiquity'' is 380 BC (p. 140).--> dan [[Astronomi bangsa India|astronom India]] telah menjelaskan mengenai fenomena elongasi Bulan.<ref name="Sarma-Ast-Ind" /> [[Astronomi bangsa Tiongkok|Astronom Tiongkok]] [[Shi Shen]] (abad ke-4 SM) memberi petunjuk yang terkait dengan cara memperkirakan gerhana matahari dan bulan.{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=411}} Kemudian, bentuk fisik Bulan dan sumber [[cahaya bulan]] mulai diketahui. Filsuf [[Yunani kuno]] [[Anaxagoras]] (w. 428 SM) mengemukakan bahwa Matahari dan Bulan merupakan dua buah batu bulat raksasa yang menghasilkan cahaya.<ref>{{cite web|last = O'Connor|first = J.J.|coauthors = Robertson, E.F.|date=February 1999|url = http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Anaxagoras.html|title = Anaxagoras of Clazomenae|publisher = University of St Andrews|accessdate =12 April 2007}}</ref>{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=227}} Bangsa Tiongkok pada masa [[Dinasti Han]] percaya bahwa energi Bulan sama dengan ''[[qi]]'', dan teori mereka mengenai pengaruh radiasi Bulan menjelaskan bahwa cahaya Bulan berasal dari Matahari. [[Jing Fang]] (78–37&nbsp;SM) mencatat kebulatan Bulan untuk pertama kalinya.{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=413–414}} Pada abad ke-2 M, [[Lucian]] menulis sebuah novel yang mengisahkan mengenai seorang pahlawan yang melakukan perjalanan ke Bulan yang berpenghuni. Pada tahun 499 M, astronom India [[Aryabhata]] menulis dalam bukunya ''[[Aryabhatiya]]'' bahwa cahaya Matahari menyebabkan Bulan tampak bersinar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Aryabhata_I.html|title=Aryabhata the Elder |last1 =Robertson|first1 = E. F.|date = November 2000|publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews|accessdate=15 April 2010|location=Scotland}}</ref> Astronom dan fisikawan [[Alhazen]] (965-1039) mengungkapkan bahwa [[cahaya matahari]] tidak dipancarkan dari Bulan seperti sebuah cermin, tetapi cahaya tersebut dipancarkan ke segala arah dari setiap bagian permukaan Bulan yang diterangi oleh cahaya matahari.<ref>{{cite book| location=Detroit|year=2008|publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons|title = Dictionary of Scientific Biography|chapter= Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī Al-Ḥasan Ibn Al-Ḥasan|author=A. I. Sabra|pages=189–210, at 195}}</ref> [[Shen Kuo]] (1031–1095) dari [[Dinasti Song]] mengemukakan sebuah alegori yang mengumpamakan fenomena bersinar dan memudarnya cahaya Bulan dengan sebuah bola yang berputar; saat dibubuhi dengan bubuk putih dan dilihat dari samping, maka akan terlihat bentuk sabit.{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=415–416}}

Dalam [[On the Heavens|deskripsi alam semesta]] karya [[Aristoteles]] (384-322 SM), Bulan menandai batas antara unsur yang bisa berubah (bumi, air, udara, dan api) dengan bintang-bintang abadi [[aether (unsur klasik)|aether]], pemikiran [[Fisika Aristoteles|filsafat berpengaruh]] yang mendominasi sains selama berabad-abad kemudian.<ref>{{cite book| last = Lewis| first = C. S.| authorlink = C. S. Lewis| title = The Discarded Image| year = 1964| publisher = Cambridge University Press| location = Cambridge| isbn = 978-0-521-47735-2| page = 108 }}</ref> Pada abad ke-2 SM, [[Seleucus dari Seleucia]] mengemukakan teori bahwa [[pasang surut]] terjadi karena daya tarik Bulan, dan ketinggian air pasang ditentukan oleh posisi relatif Bulan terhadap [[Matahari]].<ref>{{cite journal|first = Bartel Leendert|last = van der Waerden| authorlink = Bartel Leendert van der Waerden|year = 1987|title = The Heliocentric System in Greek, Persian and Hindu Astronomy|journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume = 500|pages = 1–569|pmid = 3296915|bibcode = 1987NYASA.500....1A |doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37193.x }}</ref> Pada abad yang sama, [[Aristarchus dari Samos|Aristarchus]] [[Aristarchus On the Sizes and Distances|menghitung ukuran dan jarak]] Bulan dari Bumi, dengan jarak sekitar dua puluh kali [[radius Bumi]]. Teori ini kemudian dikembangkan oleh [[Ptolemy]] (90–168&nbsp;M): ia berpendapat bahwa jarak rata-rata Bulan dari Bumi adalah 59 kali radius Bumi dan diameter 0,292 dari diameter Bumi. Angka ini hampir mendekati jarak dan diameter yang sebenarnya, yakni sekitar 60 untuk jarak dan 0,273 untuk diameter.<ref>{{cite book| last = Evans| first = James| title = The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy| year = 1998| publisher = Oxford University Press| location = Oxford & New York| isbn = 978-0-19-509539-5| pages = 71, 386 }}</ref> [[Archimedes]] (287–212 SM) merancang sebuah planetarium yang bisa menghitung laju pergerakan Bulan dan objek lainnya di [[Tata Surya]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/31/science/31computer.html?hp|work=The New York Times|title=Discovering How Greeks Computed in 100 B.C.|date=31 July 2008|accessdate=27 March 2010}}</ref>

[[Fase Bulan]] yang teratur menjadikannya sebagai penunjuk waktu yang sangat akurat, dan periode muncul dan menghilangnya Bulan di langit membentuk dasar bagi sebagian besar penanggalan kuno. [[Tongkat hitungan]], artefak tulang yang berusia sekitar 20-30.000 tahun, dipercaya oleh beberapa pihak sebagai penanda fase Bulan.<ref name="Marshack" /><ref>Brooks, A. S. and Smith, C. C. (1987): "Ishango revisited: new age determinations and cultural interpretations", ''The African Archaeological Review'', 5 : 65–78.</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Duncan| first = David Ewing| title = The Calendar| year = 1998| publisher = Fourth Estate Ltd.| isbn = 978-1-85702-721-1| pages = 10–11 }}</ref> ~30 hari dalam sebulan merupakan waktu perkiraan [[siklus Bulan]]. Dalam bahasa Inggris, kata benda ''month'' dan kata kerabat dalam [[rumpun bahasa Jermanik|bahasa Jermanik]] lainnya berasal dari kata Proto-Jermanik ''*mǣnṓth-'', yang menunjukkan adanya penggunaan [[kalender bulan]] oleh [[bangsa Jermanik]] ([[kalender Jermanik]]) sebelum pengadopsian [[kalender matahari]].<ref name="barnhart-and-germania" /><ref>{{cite book| author = Smith, William George| title = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology: Oarses-Zygia| url = http://books.google.com/?id=PJ0YAAAAIAAJ| accessdate = 29 March 2010| volume = 3| year = 1849| publisher = J. Walton| page = 768 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Estienne, Henri| title = Thesaurus graecae linguae| url = http://books.google.com/?id=0qQ_AAAAcAAJ| accessdate = 29 March 2010| volume = 5| year = 1846| publisher = Didot| page = 1001 }}</ref>

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For etymology, see {{cite book| last = Barnhart| first = Robert K.| title = The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology| year = 1995| publisher = Harper Collins| isbn = 978-0-06-270084-1| page = 487 }} For the lunar calendar of the Germanic peoples, see {{cite book| last = Birley| first = A. R. (Trans.)| title = ''Agricola and Germany''| series = Oxford World's Classics| year = 1999| publisher = Oxford| location = USA| isbn = 978-0-19-283300-6| page = 108 }}

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* {{Anchor|CITEREFNeedham1986}}{{cite book| last = Needham| first = Joseph| title = Science and Civilization in China, Volume III: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and Earth| url = http://books.google.com/?id=jfQ9E0u4pLAC| year = 1986| publisher = Caves Books| isbn = 978-0-521-05801-8| place = Taipei }}

* {{cite book| last = Bussey| first = B.| coauthors = [[Paul Spudis|Spudis, P.D.]]| title = The Clementine Atlas of the Moon| year = 2004| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 0-521-81528-2 }}

* {{cite book| last = Mackenzie| first = Dana| title = The Big Splat, or How Our Moon Came to Be| year = 2003| publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc| location = Hoboken, New Jersey| isbn = 0-471-15057-6 }}

* {{cite book| last = [[Patrick Moore|Moore, P.]]| title = On the Moon| year = 2001| publisher = Sterling Publishing Co.| location = Tucson, Arizona| isbn = 0-304-35469-4 }}

* {{cite book| last = Spudis| first = P. D.| title = The Once and Future Moon| year = 1996| publisher = Smithsonian Institution Press| isbn = 1-56098-634-4 }}

* {{cite book| last = Wilhelms| first = D.E.| title = To a Rocky Moon: A Geologist's History of Lunar Exploration| url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/rockyMoon/| accessdate = 10 March 2009| year = 1993| publisher = University of Arizona Press| location = Tucson, Arizona| isbn = 0-8165-1065-2 }}